抗战之烽火漫天

陈孟芬 63038万字 62314人读过连载

证：两个月准备的证，美国需要面。车住票：提前定好所有的住行还有各类门票。wifi：淘宝上租用的。游玩地：因为只有8天时间主要在洛杉矶和拉斯维加斯游玩天气：洛杉矶在六月初的时候，早晚温差大，早上可以穿薄外套，拉斯维加斯非常炎热而且干燥，注意防晒和补水。防晒推荐水宝宝。插头：美国的插头和国内一样无需转换。支付：有些地方刷不了银联，带Visa或者master卡还是很有必要的。食物：不用担心食物不习惯很多中餐馆和中国超市购物：洛杉矶到拉斯维加斯途中有间洛杉矶最大的折扣店，买coach和MK尤其便宜，其他品牌也非常低折扣。如果这里购物不满足可以到拉斯维加斯的折扣店购买。 gogogo，粗发啦，国航的大灰机，比上次去欧洲飞14个小时的舒服多了对于长途灰机，自带双拖鞋很有必要，不过你是Vip或者其他航空公司有提供就另当别论了。小伙伴们，洛杉矶见。11个小时45分钟…一直在天上…呜啊…娘亲喂，才灰了一半哭，尼玛，十二个小时，姐终于到了…给个free wifi行不行？来个街景吧尼玛，劳资终于到酒店了，灰12个小时，木有睡啊！头疼！头晕！还要坚持最少六个小时啊！来一趟米国我容易吗！介就是传说中的时差!!中国城无处不在偶遇拍婚纱照的新人迪斯尼音乐剧院嘻嘻！哈哈一个广场，竟然说这一带是人口比较集中的地带，泥煤啊，人呢？来个城市速写吧被轰吹乱头发滴吕子扮小清新拍照就是镜头你在或者不在那里，我都不看你农夫广场这是都出来过六一儿童节的节奏？尼玛，这才来第一天就进入购物状态，这后面咋整！湖人队(Lakers)及快艇队(Clippers)主场体育馆诺基亚广场俺不懂篮球…所以认识的人不多…([]

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语言不通走暹逻泰国南北独自行 ——让你感同身受的图文游记　　对于我们这些第一次踏出国门的土人们来说，泰国是个熟悉而又陌生的国度……当我带着在国内旅行养成的与形形色色宰客斗智斗勇万事戒备的惯性前往，更让我等看到反差巨大而感悟良多。　　曼谷的喧闹与华丽，清迈的宁静与质朴，苏可泰的恢弘与震撼，阿育塔雅的辉煌与没落，涛岛的原生与狂放，这一切构成了一个异乡人眼中的泰国，五彩缤纷而又回味无穷，这就是泰国的魅力，包容而又含蓄的耐人寻味。 ——深圳磨房：我行我诉序言天上掉馅饼网站助我游泰国　　喜欢旅游，走过了国内许多的名山大川之后，虽然偶尔也曾浮现出希望出国看看异国风情的念头，但跟团游不是我喜欢的，自助游？想一想兜里的银子，和我那听不懂、看不明白又说不了的英语，一想起来就望而生畏。　　于是安慰自己，国内有这么多地方可去，一个中国相当于一个欧洲，走遍全国在国外也相当于走过了好多国家。出国，先算了吧。　　可今年年初，不经意间获得了一个去泰国旅游的机会。　　那是年初新浪旅游论坛——乐途旅游网例行的年初大评奖，五花八门的项目大多与我无干，可是乐途网和艺龙旅行网联合举办的2007年《难忘之旅》的征文却让我动心，刚好07年9-10月我和哥哥一起自助游完了川藏线，回来后写了一篇长篇游记《兄弟偕行走川藏》（https//bbs.8264.com/thread-83145-1-3.html）发到了乐途旅游论坛，于是抱着重在参与的态度报名参加评选，没想到天上掉下个大馅饼，正好砸到了我的头上——蒙乐途网诸位评委错爱，我成为两位特等奖幸运获奖者之一，奖品是：由艺龙旅行网提供的——北京至曼谷的往返机票和曼谷皇宫饭店的三天住宿。　　机会难得，上天提供我出国旅游的机会，我不能再错失良机，一定要利用这次机会，好好游览一下这个美丽国家，圆我一个出国旅游梦。感谢乐途网和艺龙网，让我的出国之梦提前变为现实。[ ]　　因为一直没有出过国，也一直没有去泰国旅游的打算，所以对泰国了解并不多。但在耳濡目染之间，我还是隐约知道：泰国是一个佛教国家，是一个千佛之国，是一个充满热带风情的地方，那里常年花木繁茂，弥漫着花香，那里人人以礼相待，是一个古迹众多的文明古国。我还知道，在泰国的南部，有许多美丽的海岛，那里晴空碧海，更有美丽的海底世界，是旅游度假的胜地。不过我的了解也仅仅如此而已。　　　　在出国之前，我觉得必须对泰国的历史和地理有进一步的了解。因为在我读中学的那个时代正是文化大革命期间，后来虽然复课闹革命，但恰恰我最有兴趣的历史和地理课没有恢复，所以我的知识结构中，最缺乏的就是这两方面的知识。每次旅游前我都不得不想办法先恶补一气。　　　　找到一张泰国地图，我有一个惊奇的发现。我们都知道：大象是泰国的国宝，大象在泰国的历史文化中占有重要地位，它们不但是战场上的坐骑、建筑工程的好帮手，白象更是泰国人崇敬的吉祥之物，是“王”的象征。泰国人喜爱大象胜过我们喜爱熊猫。从地图上看，这个崇尚大象的国度的国土形状恰恰就像一头卡通大象，这真是奇妙的造化。　　摊开泰国的地图，将角度顺时针倾斜45度左右：你就会看到这头大象清晰的身影：高耸的额头，硕大的蒲扇一样的大耳朵，长长的伸进马来半岛的长鼻子，鼻子下张开的大嘴和短小粗壮的前后腿，如此形神俱备，如此惟妙惟肖，真是令人叹为观止。　　　　泰国地图[ ] 　　网上这样介绍泰国的历史：　　　　泰国目前的地方，几千年前即有人居住，但并不是现在的泰族。据一般的了解，泰族是发源于中国的南部，而于公元第十一与十二世纪才移居到目前的泰国。考古学家在泰国东北部的曼清发现许多古老的遗迹，证明泰国的文化起源于大约五千年前的青铜文化期。史前正确的资料至目前仍然不明，因为泰国的风俗和残存的文化一直在变动，而且很少记载下来，尤其在第十八世纪，由于受到外族的侵略而损毁了不少早期的文物。　　公元第十三世纪末，泰国史上的第一位最英明的国王--盂莱大帝，就在目前泰国北部的清莱与清迈一带建立了一个繁荣的社会,当时所兴建的庙宇显示受到佛教很大的影响。一般而言，泰国除了受到印度佛教的影响外，盂族、高棉族对泰国的影响也不小。　　泰国最大的民族是泰族，这些住在北部的民族，早期已能够自给自足，但他们的军事力量都相当薄弱，在公元十三世纪初，终被邻国吴哥王朝的高棉族所征服，不过，高棉人这段入侵的时间并不长，泰族在1238年打了一次胜仗，从高棉人手中夺回了素可泰城，并建立起泰国历史上的第一个王朝，定都素可泰。　　素可泰在巴利文里的意思是“幸福的黎明”。当时，泰国还没有统一的文字，因此用“素可泰” 作为第一个王朝的年号，以表明新时期的开始。　　素可泰王朝的君主为兰甘杏大帝，他被泰国人尊称为“泰国之父”。其最大的贡献，是将国内通行的真腊（即高棉）文字，改创成泰国自己的文字。约在1283年，泰文开始在全国流行。　　兰甘杏大帝受人尊重的另一原因，是他团结各族，以平等方式对待泰族以外的少数民族如高棉人、马来人和华人。他本身亦崇尚佛教，并派信徒到锡兰（今斯里兰卡）学习佛经，让他们回国后宣扬小乘佛教教义。　　素可泰王朝建立后，国泰民安，其势力开始向湄南河盆地流域扩展。到公元十四世纪初期，素可泰王朝的势力，已经影响整个马来半岛和老挝（即僚国）一带。　　兰甘杏去世后，强盛一时的王朝逐渐衰弱下去。此时，泰团东部的一股泰族势力，正在日益，很快蔓延到中部地区。1347年，一名太守的女婿拉玛铁菩堤，结集兵力在湄南河和巴塞河汇合的地方，建立了一座新城，取名阿育塔雅（华人称之为大城），并立号为王，这就是后来的大城王朝。　　拉玛铁菩堤称王后，立即展开外交和军事攻势，有意占领整个湄南河流域，包括北部的素可泰王朝。他的精明思想和治国才能，为大城王朝的基业奠定了基础，且取代了素可泰王朝的地位。　　大城王朝维持了四百多年，经历了三十三位君主。十五世纪末，绕非洲好望角至东方之航线开辟后，欧洲人开始前往泰国通商。首先到来的是葡萄牙人，他们占领了马六甲一带后，于1512年抵达大城。从此，荷兰人、英国人和法国人亦相继而来，企图在泰国这块富饶土地上获得利益。　　此外，泰国与邻国缅甸在这一时期经常发生冲突，持续了一段很长时间。　　 1767年，缅军再次攻人大城，城内的王宫、佛寺、民房和艺术宝藏均被摧毁。一时昔日辉煌的殿阁，只存残垣断壁，如今荒草遍地，谨供游人凭吊而已。　　大城王朝的京城在1767年陷落后，缅军仍留下士兵驻守，以镇压泰国人的反抗。但在泰国东南沿海一带，却崛起了一支抗缅部队，这支部队的主将原是大城王朝的将领郑信（在中国史书称郑昭）。郑信是华人后裔，其父郑镛原籍广东澄海，由于家贫才往泰国谋生，并与一泰族女子结婚，于 1734年诞下郑信。　　郑信在大城被侵当日，率领随从逃出大城，于泰国东南的罗勇府建立基地，组织力量，半年后部队分乘战船，沿湄南河而上，首先攻破了西岸吞武里，继而乘胜追击，到大城与缅军展开血战，最后终于收复了沦陷的大城。　　郑信进城，目睹昔日首都大城只留下一片焦土，故决定迁都湄南河西岸的吞武里，建立起泰国的第三个王朝--吞武里王朝，并削减了据地称雄的其他势力，收复失地，统一了泰国。　　然而，宫廷内部的争权夺利，很快又再次出现。郑信在执政后期传说因妃嫔争宠而精神错乱，并于1782年在一次倒戈事件中被杀。另一说称郑信被乱党困于宫中，后死在囚中，时为四十八岁。吞武里王朝就此覆灭，为时只有十五年。　　后人为纪念郑王的丰功伟绩，特在吞武里区域内建立郑王庙，并在大罗斗圈广场中央为郑信塑造了一座纪念碑，碑上耸立着郑信的骑马戎装铜像，策马挥剑，英武之极。每年12月28日即郑王加冕之日，循例在铜像地区举行郑王朝祭大典，并封锁附近公路，举行两昼夜的文娱活动。　　郑信的王朝被推翻后，其手下部将昭披耶节基登上了王位，他就是拉玛一世王（拉玛是取自泰族民间传说的一位英雄人物），也就是目前泰国的王朝，即当今皇上蒲美蓬大帝（拉玛九世王）之先祖。　　由于地方太小，加上国防上的理由，拉玛一世王把国都从西岸的吞武里移到了湄南河东岸，于是曼谷就成了泰国史上的第四个国都。至此泰国开始得到安定，曼谷王朝或称节基王朝或拉玛王朝至今已逾二百多年，而国都仍然是曼谷。　　拉玛二世王，1809年登基，在位十五年，曾遣使赴北京二次，时为清朝道光及嘉庆年间。　　拉玛三世王（在位公元1824至1851年）开始又对西洋各国开放，甚至当时美国也派了首任官员出使泰国，接著美国的传教士也来了，他们同时也带来了印刷术，经过改良后使泰国开始有了泰文的印刷，另西欧医学、造船学也传入了泰国。　　拉玛四世王蒙库是节基王朝的英明国王之一，是泰国历史上第一位接受西方学术思想的国君，精佛学，重科学，知识广博。他通晓许多语言。如拉丁文、英文等。他是第一个准许平民亲近的国王。为了抵抗西方国家的侵略，他与邻国化干戈为玉帛，又与西方国家建立了外交关系。他曾写信给美国南北战争时期的林肯总统，声明以物质支援他（电影《安娜与国王》里面的国王就是这位拉玛四世国王）。　　王位传到拉玛五世王，也就是泰国史上最著名的朱拉隆功大帝，他从事大力的改革和积极的建设。他废除了奴隶制度，兴建学校、博物馆、国立图书馆，并在国内修建了第一条铁路，发展道路系统，创办邮电局和其他现代化设施。历史学家称他执政的时期为“维新时代”，实际上可说这是泰国现代化的开端。他是引导泰国现代化的英明国王，在位直到公元1910年。　　朱拉隆功于1910年逝世，后人为纪念他的功绩，在曼谷国会大厦前的广场摆放他的铜像。每年 10月 23日他的祭辰之日，此广场都有纪念活动举行。　　朱拉隆功去世之后，英、法便在泰国各自划分势力范围。　　由于拉玛六世王曾在英国剑桥求学，同时也曾服役于英军，所以第一次世界大战时，泰国就派兵到法国支援同盟国。大战结束后，泰国也就加人了国际联盟。　　第一次大战以前，泰国人是只有名字而没有姓氏的。大战后拉玛六世王就宣布每个人可有姓，因为时间不长，所以至今泰国人虽然有姓但很少用，而通常只叫名字。　　随著世界民主潮流之推进，皇族的权力渐渐被宪法所限制，拉玛七位王执政后，结束了长达七百多年的君主专制，于1932年12月10日开始实行君主立宪，颁布宪法，于是泰国成了君主立宪的国家。由国会组织政府处理国家事务，一直至今。　　第二次世界大战期间，1940年泰国为了保持国土的完整，与日本订友好条约，次年日本军队进入泰国。泰国军民感到对日本抵抗并非上策，遂加入了轴心国。　　战争结束后，虽然轴心国（日本、德国等）失败，但泰国乃因“非原始发战国且没有出兵”而仍被邀加入了联合国，目前泰国国内驻有联合国的分支机构。　　拉玛八世王，是五世王王子公摩銮宋卡王子之长公子。1934年继承王位，时因第二次世界大战起，随王太后驻跸瑞士，1945年回泰准备举行登基大典。不幸于翌年6月9日中枪驾崩，在位12年。　　当今王上拉玛九世王，1927年12月5日在美国麻省康毕城蒙奥本医院诞生，爵称蒲密蓬·阿伦耶勒亲王。　　 1934年，拉玛七世王驻跸伦敦宣怖逊位，因无所出，宫庭按谱立嗣君，奏请王兄继承大统，号称颂绿巴拉民他拉玛哈南他玛希隆陛下，简称拉玛八世王。1935年，当今王上以王上御弟身份加封蒲密蓬·阿伦耶勒王弟。　　 1946年6月9日，拉玛八世王突告驾崩，当今王上以先王无嗣，按王族继承法规定宣布登基继承大统，号称拍昭裕华蒲密蓬·阿伦耶勒陛下，简称拉玛九世王。　　溯自1946年，王上秉政以来，爱国爱民之圣怀，为国为民之圣务包罗万象，几乎日无稍懈，宣慰四方，视察民瘼，垂询当地官府军警详情，赐问各地民教卫生情况及生活实况。　　节基王朝第九世王蒲密蓬·阿伦耶勒陛下于1946年6月9日登基以来，至今已六十余年，他是泰国有史以来在位时间最长的一位盛世明君。几十年来，王上以他超人的智慧，不屈不饶的毅力，为泰国的民主自由和繁荣进步建立了不朽的功绩。　　王上以坚定的决心，高度的热诚和德泽广被的亲和力，把全国经济地位不同、宗教信仰不同、种族背景不同的各民族人民团结成一体，朝向经济和社会建设的总目。　　 2007年12月5日是王上80圣诞之日，泰国全体臣民都以欢欣鼓舞的心情，热烈举行盛况空前的崇庆活勤，以颂扬王上爱民若赤、圣泽广被和伟大仁政，表达全国万民感戴王恩浩荡的赤诚。　　[ ] 　　在网上众多驴友的游记中，我看到了更多的真实的泰国：现代与传统并存的东南亚大都市曼谷，庙宇林立、幽静古朴的“泰北玫瑰”清迈，古迹密布，撼人心魄的素可泰和大城，以死亡铁路和桂河大桥闻名于世的北碧府，还有如珍珠一样散布于太平洋和印度洋上的景色秀丽、风光迷人的潜水休假胜地苏梅岛、涛岛、普吉岛、皮皮岛等等……　　　　看过了关于泰国的历史介绍，又看了许多驴友的泰国游记，我对泰国越发产生了浓厚的兴趣，恨不得马上出发去拜访这个充满鲜花、微笑、历史古迹和佛像及寺庙的国度。　　　　 3月26日，接到了艺龙网和乐途网的获奖通知。经过与艺龙网的冯小姐反复沟通，我定下来5月11日和5月25日的泰航往返机票及5月11-13日在曼谷的住宿，其它时间由我自行安排在泰国北部和南部的自助游。从那时起，我就开始在网上搜集有关资料，做出行准备。　　　　　　想到语言不通的我要在泰国生活和旅行十几天，一切都要自己操劳，想起来头就有些大。　　本来省事的办法是找一个旅行社，跟着走就是，凡事有人操心，可我实在不希望我的第一次出国游变成这个样子。还有一个办法是找个英语精通的游伴，可以省心，又可以分担住宿和乘车费用，可一来时间合适、性格投缘的伙伴不好找，二来，我希望的旅游方式（徒步、骑车等）不是一般人能与我共享的，想来想去，还是一个人方便。　　　　仔细想想，一个人旅行也没啥了不起，多年的旅行经历给我一个最深刻的印象就是，许多事情远不像想象的那样复杂和艰难，只要去操作，总会车到山前必有路。　　　　语言虽然不通，但我三十年前读大学时也多少学了一点哑巴英语（对付看，不会说，不能听），后来读研究生也突击过一阵，虽然几十年过去，都扔到了爪哇国，可泰国离爪哇国不远，这次去那里走走，能捡回一星半点也说不定。　　当然，为了避免无法沟通陷于困境，我买了一本《出行不求人》的中英文会话小册子，进行突击培训。后来，我无意中发现家里有一个《译博士》电子辞典，是十多年前老岳父送给读中学的女儿的礼品，可她一次没用过，正好为我所用。　　　　其实，换个角度思考，语言不通也不是一无是处，它会让你静下心来，更仔细地用眼去观察，更细致地用心去感受。那会是一种更独特的体验。　　　　感谢 Google Earth，让我在出行之前就在计算机上看到了我要住宿的饭店、行走的街道，参观的古迹等等。　　感谢发达的现代网络，网络上朋友们的大量游记和图片让我对将去的地方有了很深刻的感性认识，并提前获得了要去城市的各种旅游地图。　　通过网上查询，我甚至知道了素可泰老城的63处遗址中只有十几处遗址比较重要，值得关注，并确定了它们的具体位置；知道了在大城遗址中那尊最重要的树包佛就在Wat Mahathat入口处右面的古树下，不注意就可能忽略；知道了在大城府和素可泰可以买到很便宜的水果，知道了泰国的火车、汽车和轮渡的时刻表，了解了各种车船联运和住宿的行情及最低价格。　　这一切，使我能很容易提前安排自己的旅程。　　在网上，我还找到了一个教泰文的网站，跟着学会了要去的几个泰国旅游城市的泰文发音，学会了一些最基本的泰文会话，并有可能把一些最重要的会话用泰文打印下来，在我的泰国之行中发挥了重要作用。　　在此基础上，我制定了自己此次泰国旅行的详细计划。　　　　长时间提前准备攻略有个极大的好处，就是可以随时补充材料，修改行程。　　经过反复研究修改，最终我确定了如下行程，实际上基本按其执行：日期日程5月10日：早715火车到北京、白天逛北京，晚上住机场附近5月11日：820飞机，1215到达曼谷；下午：曼谷繁华商贸区徒步，塔楼、世贸（四面佛）、沿拉玛一世路到MBK中心，沿帕亚泰路南下，到地铁“山燕站”（Sam Yan），穿过小巷，到苏拉汪路，走到江边，南下席蓬路，返回到帕蓬区，晚上在帕蓬区消遣。5月12日：徒步去考山路，法政大学、参观大王宫、玉佛寺、卧佛寺、黎明寺等；然后去唐人街和华兰蓬火车站买去清迈车票5月13日：桂河大桥一日游5月14日：大城一日游，晚上乘坐1920火车去清迈5月15日：清迈：素贴山一日游；下午租自行车：博物馆，城区、晚上：夜市5月16日：继续骑车环游清迈城，拜访寺庙和民居5月17日：早车去素可泰，素可泰新城半日游 5月18日：素可泰老城一日游5月19日：早车回曼谷，晚上去苏梅岛5月20日：到达苏梅岛、摩托车环游苏梅岛5月21日：继续摩托车环岛游、1030去涛岛，涛岛半日游5月22日：涛岛一日浮潜；定回曼谷联票5月23日：涛岛半日；下午涛岛经春蓬回曼谷5月24日：国家博物馆，考山路，胜利纪念碑，机场，25日035飞机5月25日：650到北京，中午火车，晚上到沈阳　　[ ]　　行程确定之后，随着出行日期的临近，我还做了一些出国旅游所必需的其他准备：　　 1.护照、证、银联卡（虽然是第一次出国，我还是没提前换外汇。一方面，在国内换泰铢非常不方便，只能先换美元或港元，到国外再二次换汇，我嫌麻烦，网上介绍银联卡在泰国的ATM上到处可以提款和刷卡消费，汇率也很优惠，于是就直接带了招行的一卡通出国了，为防万一，还另外带了一张沈阳盛京银行的玫瑰卡）；　　 2、相机、录音笔、小电脑（出行前，妻子给我配了一个微型的E-PC电脑，重量不到一公斤，功能却很齐全，可以看图片、写文章、听音乐，还可以无线上网，非常方便，这正是我企盼已久的东西。出发前，我把所有收集到的资料、攻略、地图、驴友们的游记等等，除打印部分外，其余的统统拷贝到我的小电脑里，随时查阅，十分方便。）　　 3、出发前，买了一双新凉鞋，因为在泰国，人们通常穿拖鞋，可我一来不习惯，二来如果穿拖鞋，原来的鞋还得背着，所以穿一双凉鞋，一举两得。但对于我这样喜欢徒步的人来说，穿新鞋出来其实有点风险，因为新鞋没经过磨合，不可能完全和脚，很容易产生问。不过我这双鞋还好，可以调节松紧，所以没产生什么大问。　　 4、此外还带了一个指南针和一个小望远镜，前者帮助我在陌生的地方确定方位，发挥了很大作用。后者则偶尔登高望远时使用。其他如换洗衣服和洗漱用具等，不一而足。总之，此次所带东西尽量精简，轻装上阵，反正只有半个月，需要的东西在泰国也可以及时补充。　　全部东西整理好以后，连我那40升的小背包都没装满。　　　　记起有位叫做Tony Wheeler的人说过：“如果你决定要出发，那么旅行中最困难的部分已经结束，那么，上路吧。”　　于是，5月9日晚8点，我背着我那个40L的小背囊上路了。我要坐晚上925的54次快车，从沈阳先去北京。本来11日早8点的飞机，我完全可以明天白天去北京，可反正周末没什么事情，早点去看看奥运前的北京也不错。　　[ ]5月10日北京一日首都改造迎奥运　　　　我喜欢坐火车旅行，去北京已经无数次，可路边的景色还是百看不厌。　　　　 7点半火车正点到达北京，为迎接奥运，北京火车站正在整容。　　　　站前广场有警车正在待命，随时准备应付突发情况。　　　下车以后也没有确定的目，顺着崇文门西街的胡同钻过去，准备去看看大栅栏。　　大栅栏前面这一大片平房区马上就要拆迁，大栅栏也正在改造，搞的乌烟瘴气。不过看他们在改造区围墙上画出的规划图，改造完以后会相当漂亮。　　每次到北京，我喜欢在北京的胡同里乱串。不过有味道的胡同越来越少。　　希望这次前门地区改造后，能给我们提供一些有味道的地方。　　从大栅栏的老街瑞蚨祥、荣宝斋门前一路走过去，到处在挖沟改造，大栅栏已经面目全非，只好下次再看。　　　　大栅栏没什么可看，只好折向和平门，从全聚德烤鸭店向北，本来想去西单转转，可新建的中国歌剧院的大圆蛋在清晨明媚的阳光下豁然入目，吸引了我的眼球。那就过去看看吧，转过去，大会堂的后面已经搬迁一空，新歌剧院豪华气派，四周被水团团围住，看了半天没发现入口在哪里。后来才发现，原来要从地下进入歌剧院。　　　　看过歌剧院，眼前来到了天安门，这里已经是人山人海。人满为患。许多旅游团挤在这里。一向不喜欢人多的地方，连忙进入天安门，在午门前右拐，转向角楼，过南池子大街，去王府井。　　经过多年的改造，王府井已经旧貌换新颜，可还在进一步改造。也许是折腾得时间太长，已经伤了元气，繁华的商业街不再繁华，原来人来人往、熙熙攘攘的大街，现在竟然相当的萧条冷落。　　几个街头雕塑倒是很有韵味，惹的游人纷纷与之合影。　　王府井百货大楼今非昔比，更加气派，可门前却顾客寥寥，风光不再。　　改造也有好的一面，如同哈尔滨的索非亚大教堂重见天日一样，过去掩藏在王府井楼群后面的一座东正教堂也露出了本来面目。有几对年轻人正在这里举办婚礼。　　　　回到崇文门，在老字号的崇文门菜市场花17元买了一个烧鸡，又买了一斤筋饼作为今天的干粮。　　　　吃了一点饼，看看市里再没什么地方想看，于是回到车站，到640路的始发站坐车去机场。据说市内到机场的地铁已经完工，马上就要运行，到那时候再去坐飞机就简单多了。　　　　汽车中途路过了中央电视台的新工地，看到了正在建造中的被称为大裤衩的电视台新楼。　　　　本来去首都机场的老航站楼应当在天竺镇下车，可我要去新建的第三航站楼，车上的人说去新航站楼在岗村下车更近，所以又往前坐了两站。　　下车，在当街的小店买了一瓶冰镇啤酒，一面就着烧鸡喝啤酒消暑，一面欣赏着外面的风景。岗村已经和天竺镇连成一片，这里已经成为民航的宿舍区，许多空姐下了班正准备回家。　　　　吃饱喝足，逛逛悠悠来到一公里外的航站楼。　　新建的航站楼很漂亮，周边的环境更漂亮。　　我已经从网上查到：从三月份开始，泰航的飞机开始在新的第三航站楼起落。　　大厅里有具有中国特色的浑天仪。　　我找到泰航的柜台，向值班小姐咨询了有关情况。得到的信息是，今天什么事情也办不了，一切都明天早上再说。　　　　视察了一圈儿，回到镇里，找住宿的地方。　　先是在天竺镇转圈，这里宾馆不少，可是价位奇高，都是漫天要价，几个快捷酒店也是如此，从186-686不等，真是莫名其妙。简直宰死人不偿命。　　咱们穷驴出游从来都是住10元20元的小店，什么时候花过这个冤枉钱，　　　　继续往前走，我就不信找不到一个便宜的地方。　　穿过了天竺镇，来到天竺村，村中心有一个宾馆，看来也不是便宜的地方，继续往前，看到一家住户大门口挂着“房屋出租”的牌子，心想，既然有房子出租，住宿或许有戏。　　走进院去，院里住了许多外地人，打听到房子主人的居室，房主是一个残疾人，问他，可不可以在这里住一宿，他很爽快地答应了。问：多少钱？答：20元。　　 20元，这才是咱这徒步老驴可以接受的价位。我没再还价。　　他起身带我来到院里头一间空房里，屋里空空如也，只有一个双层床和一个单人床。　　过一会儿，他带着他老婆过来送被褥，跟我说，他老婆嫌要价要低了。　　我说，差不多就行了，挣20不是20嘛。　　　　安排好住宿，走出门去，外面是一个小市场，很热闹。虽然没吃晚饭，但不觉得饿，为防万一，买了两个馒头。　　到街里的宾馆一打听，果然，最低价166元。该着我省钱买烧鸡。　　转了一圈儿，没什么可买，回去睡觉。　　5月11日北京-曼谷都市里的徒步　　　　早上4点多就醒了，磨蹭一会儿起来，外面，天正下着小雨。　　我住的地方距离三号航站楼大约4公里。下雨使我徒步去航站楼的计划大受影响。不过还是先走出去再说。　　走到镇里的民航居住区，忽然看到了路边的车站站牌，想起来，对，民航宿舍区不可能没有去航站楼的公交车，果然，一会儿就有车过来，是去2号航站楼的，因为事先知道2、3号航站楼之间有免费摆渡车，所以我就上了车，先去2号航站楼。票价1元。　　　　到站下车，转车，去3号航站楼。　　不到6点钟，就顺利到达了三号航站楼。　　拿护照取电子客票的时候，我对办票的小姐说想要一个靠窗的位置，可一着急，说成了给我一个靠边的位置，意识到可能误解，连忙更正，说要一个靠窗的位置，可能后一句小姐没听清，结果给了我一个37D的座位，我一想，这好像不是靠窗的，问小姐，她说是，于是犹犹豫豫进去办手续。　　　　三号航站楼是两个“Y”字对接到一起的结构，国内进出港在前一个”Y”字部分，出国则需要先乘坐捷运轨道车到另一个“Y”字部分办手续。　　本来以为奥运期间的出国手续多么复杂，所以提前2个多小时来到机场，可实际上也很简单，虽然是奥运期间可能稍为严格了一点。　　　　下了轨道车，先进行边检，从来没出过国，没做过边检，以为很复杂，其实很简单，交上护照，我看边检人员在计算机输入护照编号，估计是看看是否属于嫌疑控制对象，看没什么问，于是盖章放行。　　　　边检完事之后是安检，我的包里装满了各式金属器物--三脚架、不锈钢饭盒、相机、小电脑、金属链锁等等，安检人员让打开包简单看了一下，就放行了。我的大金属水果刀也得以蒙混过关。　　并不是故意要违反航空管理条例，实在是我去泰国这样一个水果之都太需要一个好的水果刀。事先也做好了心理准备，被查出来就上缴，没想到果然得以蒙混过关。　　也许是水果刀偷渡成功得意忘形，匆忙之间，我装着护照、银行卡和小相机等重要物品的腰包竟然忘记拿走，落到了安检处。　　走不多远，突然发现腰包不在，连忙回去找。　　安检人员对此类丢三落四人员已经司空见惯，核对无误，把腰包交还给我。　　　就这样，刚刚6点半，一切OK，就等着登机了。离起飞还有2个小时，这下子消停了，慢慢等吧。　　新航站楼候机室的条件不错，里面有免税店，虽然比我后来在曼谷机场看到的小多了。　　还有一些中国特色的室内装饰。　　　　机场坐椅下面有电源插座，可以充电和使用笔记本电脑，也可以无线上网，不过要收费。没搞懂怎么交费。　　　　　等到8点正，开始上飞机，果然37D是一个靠边的位置，而不是靠窗的位置，想一想，5个小时的航程，还是得找个靠窗位置，找到泰航的乘务长，让她帮忙调换一下，她查看一下登记表，44K没人，于是在登机牌上给我改过来，终于可以靠窗欣赏风景了。　　我的第一次出国旅行生活开始了！　　泰航乘务组不仅有美丽的空中小姐（空姐），还有漂亮的空中先生（空少，空中少爷）。　　起飞前，空姐和空少给每个旅客发了一付耳机，插入座位把手上的耳机插孔中就可以收听飞机广播。因为除了开始时教大家如何系安全带和使用救生衣和氧气面罩等例行功课外，其它时间大屏幕上播放节目时机舱内的喇叭是没有声音的，旅客可以根据自己是否感兴趣用耳机选择收听。扶手上有两个旋钮，其中一个是音量控制旋钮，另一个多档位旋钮，根据我的判断，在当初设计时，是不同档位可以选择不同国家的语言或不同的节目，但实际上飞机上播放的都是英语。　　我认为泰航的机前培训设计的较好，在大屏幕显示期间，喇叭中的播音员用准音分别用汉语、英语和泰语各说一遍，又清晰又明白。而我们国内的许多航班是乘务员一边示范一边哇啦哇啦乱喊一气，什么都听不清楚。这方面显得实在是太落后了。　　　　飞机起飞时，外面还在下雨，不过很快飞机就飞上了万米高空，把下雨的云彩压到了脚下。　　空中一片云海，不是很美丽，差强人意。　　飞机平稳后，空中小姐和空中先生就开始忙碌起来，他们不停地工作，笑容可掬。　　 9点半，开始发飞机餐，泰国风味，量不是很大，样不少，还可以。　　餐后又有饮料，果汁、咖啡、热茶、冰水等，随便选择。没吃饱的旅客还可以要小面包。　　饭后不久，小姐们开始发放出入境登记卡，上面全是英文，许多语言不通的人对此很挠头，不知道许多项目是什么意思。不过本人对此早有准备，早就从网上下载了准样式，提前填好了，现在只要照猫画虎，填上就OK。　　　填过出入境卡，先生小姐开始新一轮的饮料发放。　　在他们工作间隙，我来到后舱，给漂亮的泰航空姐和空少拍了几张照片，并和他们合影留念。　　　今天的空中景物很一般，总希望乘飞机时能看到漂亮的云海，但很少如愿。　　只有一次，我从北京飞回沈阳，遇到了最美丽的云海，但很遗憾，那一次没带相机。　　飞机掠过了一片片山川河流，很遗憾，没准备地图，不知道都飞过了什么地方，后来才知道，前面的大屏幕上面不断显示的就是当时飞过的路径，不过我离的稍远，看不大清楚。　　　　 5个小时的飞行也不觉得漫长，飞机从北京起飞后，先后经过了河北，河南、湖北、重庆、贵州、云南，出境后又经过了越南和老挝，最后在泰国上空飞行了将近一个小时，于北京时间1320，曼谷时间1220到达曼谷的素万那普国际机场的上空。　　快降落的时候，从空中看，先是万顷良田，然后开始出现城市成片的房舍，美丽的立交桥和高速公路，然后飞机降落。　　　　泰国的这些高速公路，据说都是日本政府帮忙建造的。不过不是免费援建，而是收费项目。据说日本人是按照过往车辆的轮胎个数收费，4个轮子的收4个的钱，8个就收8个的钱……本来公路建成五年之后就已经回收全部成本了，但是日本人却和泰国订了20年的收费合同。[ ]　　到了机场，一进机场大厅，先遇到这位门神迎候大家。　　这是印度神话传说中的神猴哈奴曼（我没有搞错吧？）。有人说他西游记中的孙悟空的原型之一。　　印度有一篇著名的文学作品《罗摩衍那Ramakien》里写了这样一个故事：　　婆罗门教三大天王之一的“那罗延天王”的化身罗摩王，有一次带了美丽的悉达王妃到森林里打猎，夜叉国的十颈夜叉王却趁机把王妃抢走，因而引起了一场人魔大战，猴神哈奴曼率兵帮助罗摩王，结果夜叉王大败，美丽的王妃终于被救了回来。　　因此，哈奴曼就成为小乘佛教的护法神。后来我看到：在玉佛寺里到处都是神猴哈奴曼的光辉形象。　　　　网上介绍：这个于2006年9月28日开始启用的新机场的建设长达45年，早在1961年就拟定了兴建新机场的计划构想，直到2002年才开始动工修建，用了4年半的时间完成了这项大型建筑工程。整个机场耗资高达40亿美元（约1440亿泰铢），据说是亚洲最大的国际机场。　　该机场由德裔美籍著名建筑师杨恩设计，采用华丽的玻璃和钢骨拱门，具有泰国传统建筑特色，具有全球最大的单一机场航站大厦，占地为56.3万平方公尺。该机场总的占地面积为3200公顷，距曼谷市区25公里，有2条高速公路连接，市中心到机场约为35分钟车程（实际上，由于拥挤的曼谷交通，多数情况下需要一个半到两个小时才能到达市内），目前正在兴建一条长度为28.6公里的高速铁路直达新机场。机场共有120个停机坪，每小时可起降76架航班，其中有5个停机坪可容纳最新的空中巴士A380飞机。在新机场运营的航空公司将达到100家左右。　　　　　在曼谷机场，出境更简单，在出境处交上了入境单和护照，边检先生把出境单订到护照上，盖上戳，放行。　　 OK, 顺利出境。　　　　出境后来到前厅，看到有许多人在接机。旁边立着许多接人的牌子，其中一块牌子上面写着我的名字，这肯定是接我的，可人呢？　　四处看看，没有人关注这个牌子和牌子下的我，我就去大厅里面找ATM取泰铢，悠悠万事，唯此为大。经济社会，没有钱寸步难行。　　在大厅的一头，找到了一个ATM，众多志中有一个明显的银联志。　　 2005年5月13日，中国银联与泰国AT网络运营商PCC公司署了银联卡联网合作协议，从那时起，中国银联卡就可以在泰国贴有银联识的AT机上提现。此举将大大方便中国游客在泰国的旅游和购物。　　更为人性化的是，所有适用银联卡的ATM上都有中文选择按键，按下去，就会出现中文界面，真的是太方便了。　　在这个ATM上先取了5000泰铢，又顺手将1000泰铢在旁边银行的办事处换成了小票以方便使用。　　手里有钱，心里不慌，这下子有底气了。　　　　回到接站牌下面，来接我的小伙子已经在等待。简单确认后，他带我到旁边的椅子上坐下，然后出去找来了一辆出租车，让我上车，告诉司机送到什么地方。　　我原以为是酒店来车接我，虽然免费接机是饭店的承诺，但对相关的服务人员还是应当表示感谢，所以我原准备到饭店后给司机20泰铢小费。现在既然送人的是出租车司机，那么这项费用就省下了。看来这样办理对酒店来说也更有效率，酒店只要派一个人守在这里，就可以专门负责接送各地来的所有客人，接到人后找一个出租车送走即可，高效、方便、成本低廉，而且完全能满足客人的要求。值得效仿。　　　　来曼谷之前一周，我每天都查询曼谷的天气预报，看到这里一直是多云有阵雨的天气，今天仍然如此，这样的天让人感觉很舒服，不太热。在回曼谷的路上，又先后下了两场阵雨，这雨水是不是太勤了点？？　　雨来时，雨骤风急，不一会儿，风停雨歇。　　　　虽然从来没有来过曼谷，可在Gooler Earth 上，我已经无数次看过我要入住的酒店及其位置，所以，当出租车穿过高架桥下面的铁路时，我知道，我的酒店到了。　　我在曼谷居住的酒店--Bangkok Palace Hotel（皇宫饭店）及其周边　　语言不通总有些耽误事。在酒店大厅办理入住手续时，添完单子，身份确认后，服务生还要收我2000泰铢，我没想明白这是什么钱，又解释不通，就先给了他。　　后来我想，可能是押金一类的东西，刚好在大厅里看到了一个中国旅游团，我请导游到前台一问，果然是押金。因为房间有一些收费的饮品之类，饭店还提供一些其他的收费服务，这些都要在退房时一并结算，所以先收了一些押金，可以理解，　　到屋里一看，房间不错，服务生告诉我，壁橱里面有两瓶纯净水和一些小包咖啡、袋泡茶等是免费供应的，冰箱里的饮品和其他东西消费后则要付费。　　　　从窗口望出去，一座座高楼霍然入目，从地图上看，我住的皇宫饭店在曼谷中心商业区附近，是曼谷高楼大厦最集中的区域，曼谷最高档的宾馆和购物中心几乎都集中在这个区域。酒店南边1公里外就是以世贸大厦为中心的繁华商业区，酒店东南面几乎集中了曼谷所有的高档宾馆饭店，西边500米外就是尖尖细细，直冲云霄的曼谷最高、据说曾经也是亚洲最高的塔楼--89层的Baiyoke大厦。　　在酒店安置妥当，我走出了酒店，面对西面高高的塔楼确定一下方位，向前走到一条主路上，然后一直向着南面的世贸中心方向，开始了我在曼谷的都市漫步。　　　　出外旅游，在一个陌生的城市，我最喜欢进行这种漫步。我觉得，要更深刻地感受和了解一个城市，最好的办法就是用脚步一点点丈量过它的大街小巷。虽然处在一个陌生的地方，语言又不通，但我手里有详尽的地图和指南针，定好了出发前的地，想丢都没那么容易。　　　　跟团游的人们就享受不到这种乐趣。他们到了一个地方，往往东西南北都搞不清，甚至不知道自己是在一个城市的什么位置，中国有些导游为避免麻烦，更是编造谣言，恐吓团员说出去乱逛容易出事，把团员紧紧控制在酒店里，所以许多人来了曼谷，除了几个景点，对其他地方一无所知。　　在我出来之前，妹夫给我讲了他们来曼谷的一段遭遇，他和一行人跟团来曼谷，同行的几个人晚上没事出去转街，由于东西南北都搞不清楚，更不知道身处曼谷的什么位置，结果没转多远，就晕头转向，找不到原来的酒店了。打了个出租车在曼谷乱转，四处去问，也不得要领。结果转了大半宿，一直到凌晨三点才找回酒店。这就是想省心跟团游的结果。　　我们这些自助背包客绝对不会犯这样低级的错误。　　曼谷是一个国际化大都市，僚人家园网站的凌波仙子网友这样介绍曼谷：　　曼谷，是个兼具古老气息和现代风情的东方大城，更是个处处充满赞叹的地方。这个城市于1782年所建，是今日泰国政治文化，经济交流的中心，被列为东南亚第二大城市。　　曼谷的全称，译为拉丁文有142个字母，译成汉语也有60多个汉字。其意为“伟大的神仙之京城，永恒的绿宝石城，坚不可摧的极乐世界，天帝的皇都，被赠予九块宝石的世界大都会……”，是世界上名字最长的首都。当年，拉玛一世将都城迁至曼谷，用记录佛教经典的巴利文给新首都起了一个长名，将许多美好的称号都加在了这个新首都的名字上，泰国人简称其为“克伦太普”，也就是“天使之城”。　　湄南河从绿郁葱葱的泰北山峦逶迤而下，横穿过曼谷，把曼谷分为东西两部分，就像少女腰上的一条曼妙的彩带，给曼谷增添了不少色彩。东部是新城，这里高楼林立，一座座高楼大厦和豪华商场拔地而起，繁华的工商业区，证券交易频繁的施乐姆街，各种跨国公司在此设立分部，而每年在曼谷举行的各种国际会议多达二三百起。然而在洋溢现代化气息的水泥丛林中，曼谷仍然保持着一股东方的神秘气息。湄南河以西是旧城吞武里，那里多是精致的园林，雕工细琢的佛塔，在这里生活的泰国人依旧保持着传统的色彩。　　最让人感兴趣的，是曼谷的水上市场。这里的河道多于街道，汽艇和木船比比皆是。据说曼谷新城的修建过程中，许多河道被填土封闭，可想而知，“东方威尼斯”的称号并非徒有虚名。河边的水上人家，满载水果蔬菜的大小船只，在水上形成流动货摊。当船上的农民和小贩向游客兜售商品时，他们会以长竹竿为媒介，将鲜花，水果等递给游客。　　令人赞叹的是专供泰国国王和王室成员使用的船只。泰国王室每年都要建造一艘游艇，载王室一家畅游湄南河。船以金箔雕画装饰，非常精致美丽。船首像一只金色天鹅的颈项，嘴里含着一些垂饰，而船尾则像一条大蛇，浮在水面。每年的10月底或11月初月圆之时，装饰得五彩缤纷的王室之舟就会出现，静静地行驰在河中。　　在曼谷，观光区可分为王宫边、杜喜区周边、中国城等8个区域，精华在金碧辉煌的皇宫和佛寺建筑。位于曼谷市中心区的大皇宫，由一组布局错落有致的建筑群组成，汇集了绘画、雕刻和装饰艺术的精华，风格独特，闻名遐尔，主要建筑是4座各具特色的宫殿，从东向西一字排开，一色的绿色瓷砖屋脊，紫红色的琉璃瓦屋顶，凤头飞檐。屋顶是典型的泰国“三顶式结构”，集泰国数百年建筑艺术之大成。　　曼谷还是有名的“佛庙之都”。全市有佛400多座，到处都可以看到寺庙，香火鼎盛，轻烟缭绕。佛寺建筑精致美观，具有浓厚的东方色彩。最有名的是玉佛寺、卧佛寺等。　　漫步在湄南河岸，偶尔会邂逅一两个供着花圈的神龛，或者是替人看相的命相师，泰族妇女摇着载满水莲花的舢板，寺庙里的风铃在沉静的空气中回响着。黄昏的阳光染红了皇宫的金色尖顶，美丽的景致尽在举手投足之间，而这种耐人寻味的感受，也只有亲身体会才知道。　　所以说，曼谷之于泰国，正如巴黎之于法国，伦敦之于英国，代表着国家的精神和文化。走一趟曼谷，你会感受到泰国活泼，多变的精神风貌。　　　　这样美丽的景致，如今我正在用自己的脚，自己的眼，自己的心灵，自己的感觉一点点感受，一点点体验。　　　　曼谷是一个大都市，而且是个国际化的大都市。泰国的城市中，只有曼谷的规模、发达程度和文化沉积等综合指数可以称之为大都市，泰国全国有6500万人口，其中曼谷就占了十分之一，有650万人口。　　而第二大城市的清迈面积和人口不足曼谷的七分之一，规模和中国的“大城市”--铁岭相当，更不要说其他城市了。　　　　外面天气阴沉，随时可能下雨，我不能不带上雨衣。小雨给我的都市漫步带来了小小的不便，但它却让我在曼谷最炎热的季节感受到难得的舒适的凉爽。　　　　泰国不愧是一个佛教国度，几乎每个稍有规模的建筑面前，都有一个漂亮的佛龛，里面供奉的大多是泰国人认为最灵验的四面佛。　　佛龛前不仅有鲜花、香炉，还有许多漂亮的小彩塑偶像侍奉着。　　　　看驴友们拍回来的照片，最喜欢这些形神俱备的陶偶，很多饭店宾馆前面都有，[ ]　　历代国王的塑像也和佛像一样被到处供奉。　　　　曼谷的出租车很漂亮，而且因为所属公司不同，颜色也不一样。　　　　虽然天很热，但交通警察全副武装在街上指挥交通。　　在泰国，公职人员的尽职尽责为我留下了极深的印象。　　虽然是曼谷最繁华的大街之一，但街上并不排斥作小买卖的的人们，也没有任何城管之类来骚扰他们。　　　　街边的小摊在给人们带来生活便利的同时，也给都市增添了一道独特的风景。　　　　曼谷的交通一直为各国旅游者所诟病。道路狭窄，车辆众多，拥挤不堪。　　为了改进交通，曼谷建立起了自己的立体交通体系。　　主要道路上方，几乎每个交叉路口，都设立了行人过街天桥。　　　　高架轻轨的水泥支架宽大厚重，在给人沉稳可靠的感觉的同时，也把曼谷本来就狭窄的天空分割的更加支离破碎。　　街上到处有佛龛神像，也有许多护法神祗，这里有一个大鹏金翅鸟驮一个不知道哪方的神灵，一个妇女来这里虔诚地叩拜。　　　　　这就是世贸中心对面小广场上的四面佛（Erawan Shrine）。没有恢宏的庙宇，没有宽大的道场，如果不是仔细注意，许多外来者会错过这个著名的景点。　　据说，四面佛非常灵验，还听的懂包括粤语在内的多国语言和方言，许多游人，特别是香港、新加坡等地华人常专程来此膜拜和还愿。　　网上介绍说：四面神其实并非佛，而是神，是婆罗门教三大主神之一的大梵天，在婆罗门教众神的传说中，“大梵天”是世界万物的创造者，他原有5个头，后来被婆罗门教里的另一大主神“湿婆”砍去一个，剩下四个头分别朝向东、西、南、北四方。它有四只手，分别拿着吠陀经典、莲花、匙子和念珠。　　据说四面佛的四面分别代表慈(仁爱)、悲(悲悯)、喜(吉祥)、舍(施惠)，因此进香时要按顺时针方向对四面佛像四面依次膜拜，四面都敬到，否则不灵验。还有一点非常重要，说是拜了四面佛后祈愿成功是要来还愿的，否则佛就要降罪了。　　拜四面神通常使用鲜花串、金箔、香烛和木象(象征幸运)，或者将麻雀放生，富有者则雇几名少女在神前跳传统的祭神舞，以谢神恩。　　　　因为还有一种说法，说四面佛是大梵天所骑的大象的化身，所以四面佛旁边还有一些木刻的大象，它们也成为人们顶礼膜拜的偶像。　　拜佛还愿者请身着民族服装的少女正翩翩起舞，以娱神灵。　　高架轻轨车站楼梯漂亮的遮阳篷，很有点悉尼歌剧院的风格。　　　　路边小景　　　　遇到两位水晶晶（泰国对漂亮的小泰妹的称呼），我举起手里的相机，示意要给她们照张像，两位小姐欣然应允。佳丽回眸，嫣然一笑，于是有了这张照片。　　　　大街上的许多小泰妹（不是太妹）感觉确实很漂亮，笑起来尤其好看。她们确实很爱笑。　　　　也许是东南亚湿润的空气格外养人肌肤，加上曼谷大都市的文化涵养，使这些水晶晶显得格外娇媚。虽然东南亚的阳光应当很厉害，可在泰国的十多天里，无论是晴天雨天，我都没看到女孩们打伞遮阳遮雨，但令人惊异的是，都市里大多数女孩们的皮肤不但不黑，反而相当的白皙。　　　　据说，泰国真正的白皮肤美女都集中在北部城市清迈，因为那里的混血很多，女孩子皮肤很白，高高的，而且很温柔。而南部地区是纯种的泰国人，那里的人长得黑瘦矮小，不好看。　　([]

御姐在线喷水视频浪潮

谢婉婷

恰好你青春年少，恰好我风华正好。恰好你来，恰好我在。2015年2月16-2月26日越南行结束，走过河内、西贡、大叻、芽庄、美奈，也算是略微见识过越南的风土人情了。物价相对中国较低，民风相当不错，甚是喜欢。海岸线很长，无人沙滩到处是，对比三亚的“饺子湾”，完全天堂地狱之差。海鲜相对便宜，特别是小渔村里，简单粗暴的做法，又新鲜又好吃。因为去的都是比较成熟的旅游城市，大家英语水平都还不错，所以操着垃圾英语交流完全无障碍。花，简直是越南最好的装饰品，颜色缤纷绚丽，种类数不胜数，数量之多更是令人咂舌。可以这么说，眼睛能看到的地方，一定少不了花的装饰。由于时间关系，会安、岘港、下龙湾神马的都没有去，有时间会再去的，不过相对于旅游城市，更感兴趣的是那些越南人保持更原始的生活状态的地方了。2015.2.16-17 南宁-河内河内（Ha Noi）是一座拥有1000多年历史的古城，又是越南社会主义共和国的首都，还是越南第二大城市及政治中心。地处亚热带，因临近海洋（北部湾），气候宜人，花木繁茂，百花盛开，素有“百花春城”之称。国内去越南有很多方法，可以南宁坐汽车，可以坐火车，现在还有很多城市有直飞的航班。我们选择的是“南宁-凭祥-河内”的国际线，体验一把火车出国的感脚，下午6点左右出发，早上4点左右到。中途在中国边境和越南边境要拿着所有行李下车安检和办理出境入境手续。中国的正式一些，一个一个排队检查，越南边检是直接把所有人的护照收集起来，检查、盖章，再一个个叫名字发给大家。早上下火车，在路边吃了第一碗越南米粉(PHO，越南一大特色，物美价廉的典范。)，牛肉是现切的，味道真心不错。30，000VND一碗，后来发现是性价比最高的一家了。在越南说金额是省略三个零来说的，比如30，000VND，他们会说30千；300，000VND就是300千。人民币汇率大概是1：3000~3300,美元汇率高一些1：20000~22000。但是除了河内，其他地方人民币兑换要么汇率超级低，要么直接不能换。美元都可以换，但也要分面值，100面值的美元（有些地方50面值的也可以）的是最好换汇率最高的，其他的汇率都相对低一些。吃好饭去红河宾馆定好回南宁的大巴，早上7点30和9点30出发两个时间，票价170RMB。千万不要在国内定，贵的多。如果要买电话卡，在国内就可以网上买到。最好买包流量的那种，因为越南的流量真的太好用了。当地办卡的话，有些麻烦，因为大的营业厅不太好找，小店的话，你很可能搞不懂他说的套餐内容是什么，买错了很麻烦。也可以不用买，到处都有WIFI，你只需要问密码就可以了。河内景点：还剑湖，三十六街，巴亭广场，主席府，独柱寺等定好票就去了还剑湖(Ho Hoan Kiem)，说实话，不知道看什么。一个小池子，和国内小公园差不多。但是湖边花开的很好很灿烂也算不错。三十六街(36Bank Street)是热闹的小商圈，挨着还剑湖，各种工艺品小饰品民族服饰都可以买到。值得一逛。在三十六街，你才知道什么叫摩托车大国！大街小巷全是摩托车的影子，一个车上可坐下最多4人，没有限载，没有人行道，没有交通规则，如果胆子小一点，过街可能会成为你在越南的一个负担。但看似混乱的行驶中却隐隐藏着秩序（这是我后来深深佩服的一点，因为在越南十天，居然一起车祸擦挂都没有看到。）下午去了巴亭广场(Quang Truong Ba Dinh)和主席府。巴亭广场人很少，有别于天安门的人山人海。据说中间的字是用红宝石镶嵌的。主席府下午2点（越南时间比北京时间晚接近一小时）开始对外开放，需要买门票，越南景点门票都很便宜，折合人民币就是几块十几块。里面有出名的独柱寺(One Pillar Pagoda)可以看看。越南吃的真心不错，相较于东南亚其他国家偏重的饮食口味，越南饮食更加清爽可口。新鲜食材以蒸、凉拌、烤、闷等手法烹饪，配以青柠檬、香草、香菜、和鱼露等调料食用。其实我的感觉是每个菜都是一样的吃法，就是配以各种叶子菜，卷起来，蘸调料，吃。这里说的叶子菜不是指蔬菜，而是各种味道类似于鱼腥草、薄荷、香菜的叶子。在河内特别推荐这家连锁店—Quan An Ngon。这家店的建筑是法式别墅风格，加上越南色彩艳丽的花配村，相当漂亮。食物以摊档的形式展示，且云集了越南各类小吃。粥、春卷、米粉、海鲜、烧烤、各式甜点各类饮料应有尽有。必点的是越南春卷啦，据说是越南人最爱的一道菜了。味道真心不错，糯米皮卷上蔬菜海鲜杂七杂八的一堆，炸的酥酥脆脆的，蘸调料或不蘸都相当棒，不过和国内春卷一样的缺点，就是油腻。这家店人流量很大，人多只能分散开来坐，建议错开餐点去用餐。这家店人均消费大约30+RMB。2015.2.18胡志明市插话：从河内到西贡，我们选择的是捷星的航班，果然是廉价航班的典范，座位前后排很挤，腿放不直，坐立不安。飞机内空气质量很差，夹杂各种怪味道。飞机一路颠簸，胆战心惊。食物、饮品需要菜单点单，也就是需要消费，还可以买到包包帽子挂饰一类的东西，现场交易，和内蒙小飞机上一样的感脚。下飞机的瞬间，酸爽的像跑了一场马拉松一样，疲惫不堪几斤虚脱。酒店办好入住，直奔夜市，tiger喝了两瓶，终于缓过来一些（tiger是来越南前我唯一知道的越南啤酒，但这里比国内好喝多了，夜市价18，000VND，价格公道）。特别提醒：在越南，不管是飞机票还是汽车票，非常随意的就是一张A4纸而已，一定要保管好这张纸！胡志明市（TP.HO CHI MINH），我们口中的西贡（SAI GON）。胡志明市在法属时期原名为西贡，南越解放后为纪念胡志明更名为胡志明市。好玩的是，胡志明原名阮必成,参加革命后又曾改名为阮爱国，胡志明并不是他本来的名字。胡志明市是越南直辖市，也是越南最大的城市和经济中心。相较于河内，这里繁华热闹许多，游客也比较多。游胡志明市，我认为最好的方式莫过于拿份地图闲逛。中央邮局，红教堂，西贡市政厅，范老五街，统一宫•;226;̶6;走路不远，打车更近。中央邮局（Buu Dien Sai Gon），建于19世纪末，由法国建筑师设计，大厅内部装饰华丽，圆顶极富古典气息。在这里寄一张明信片，写一封信，都是很好的体验。这里的美元汇率是1：22000,应该是我在越南遇到最高的了，人民币很低，1：3000，大部分国家的钱这里都可以兑换。红教堂（Nha Tho Duc Ba），胡志明市圣母大教堂，因为全部使用红砖建造，所以又叫红教堂。红教堂是天主教堂，且至今仍在使用，建造教堂的红砖全部从法国运来，建造耗时6年，建成于1883年，神奇的是至今没有丝毫褪色。挨着中央邮局，和邮局共同形成一个90°角。坐在邮局的大树下，从侧面仰视黄昏的红教堂，一丝云飘在那里，整个教堂恰好占据你的全部视线，眨眼就像按下快门一样，脑子里自动生成这一刻的图片且永久存放。西贡市政厅（Ho Chi Minh City Hall），法式建筑风格，不要太漂亮了！没有国内市政厅的严肃沉闷，明丽的色彩，临街的随意，更像是婚纱照的背景建筑呢。我想如果我在里面办公的话，肯定工作效率会翻倍吧，哈哈哈。插话：最值得购买的特色产品是商店里销售的西贡香水，小瓶子是精致的越南女子造型，分为河内小姐、顺化小姐、西贡小姐三种，用三种香味代表着三个城市的女子。为什么说香水是推别值得购买的呢，因为越南盛产各种天然香料，法国香水的香料大部分都是来源于越南，只是越南香水一直没有得到好的发展，但近几年越南香水也做的越来越好了。越南香水和白虎膏、牛角梳被称为“越南三宝”。范老五街（Pham Ngu Lao）是晚上去的，正好今天是新年（越南是世界上少数几个使用农历的国家之一，也是少数几个全国过春节的国家之一），和中国一样。范老五街非常热闹，就好像在西贡旅行的来自世界各地的人都汇聚在这里一样，一起过越南春节。越南春节守岁的方式非常奇特且不知所以，必须和大家分享一下。全部的人都在街边一排一排的小板凳面对街道坐好，凳子整齐划一，面前摆着高一点的凳子，放着啤酒饮料，放着小吃，朋友们一起闲散的聊天，和街对面的人一不小心就面面相觑，小店放着不知名的越南歌曲，偶尔一个表演喷火吞刀片的人出现，街上还有骑着摩托车的人目不斜视的通过。就这样所有人静静的等12点到来，然后远处烟花绽放，所有人起立欢呼。这就是守岁了。一开始我以为，一定是有表演吧，在路中间，所以大家这样一排一排的坐好，结果，nothing。也算是一种奇特的体验了吧。有一种街边小吃，炸鱿鱼，很好吃，可以试试。说起春节，小伙伴们一定要注意了，越南人对春节很重视，会有表演，会装饰街道，会盛装出席，也会放假！餐厅也是会放假的哈，我们就是定了一个餐厅，和小伙伴约好各自逛，然后晚上一起去那集合吃饭，结果到那里时，发现人家放假了，只能现找别的地方。由于是除夕，其实很多餐厅都会放假，所以最好看到什么吃什么，哈哈。2015.2.19-20大叻大叻（72;à L̐1;t）是越南林同省省会。该市的海拔高度为1500米，很多湖泊、深林，平均气温为17°C，最热的季节不超过25°C。大叻被誉为越南私藏的法国，城里密布着色彩鲜艳的法国老别墅，你随便去小巷子里面转转，到处是别墅，用各种花装扮起来，就像爱丽丝漫游仙境的感觉一样，不过提醒你，很多人家都有狗，很凶那种。街道两旁总是花团锦簇，绣球花，开的刚好，这里就是我想象中的花城。春香湖（ Xuan Huong Lake），一个人工开挖的占地5平方公里的月牙形湖泊。狭长的湖面波光潋滟，绿柳环绕，松树挺拔，草坪青翠，视线开阔。你可以湖边餐厅喝一杯咖啡，静看天上云卷云舒，也可以划着小船，在月牙里穿梭，你还可以，骑着单车环湖，360度无死角的感受春香湖的美。最喜欢是湖边的一栋紫色餐厅--blue water,可能因为我是一个紫色控吧，紫色屋顶，紫色桌布，紫色太阳伞，倒影在水中那叫一个赏心悦目啊，大爱。大叻大学，于1957由越南天主教委员会成立，称为“大叻大学院”。当时是西原教育最重要的中心。1975年，西贡沦陷大叻大学院改名为大叻大学。我们是骑单车去的，学校当时在放假，在没有人的校园里骑单车，一路欢声笑语，很有初恋的感脚还是。大叻玛丽修道院（Domaine de Marie Church）,粉红的颜色可能是它最为引人注目的特点了。白天在蓝天白云的映衬下，粉色的修道院真是可爱俏皮，但是夜晚，深蓝色天幕下，修道院又反而端庄肃穆起来。她是有生命的，我这样觉得。疯狂的房子（Hang Nga Crazy House），是前越南共和国总统的女儿nga设计的，nga一定是个美丽又大胆的女子，才能经过自己独特的设计，让它变成了现在的样子。“人从诞生之初就与自然有着密不可分的联系”，nga的这个设计理念贯穿于整幢建筑。我不知该怎么给你描述它，两个字就是—疯狂！它可以狭窄的只能一个人穿过，它可以低矮的必须弯腰通行，它可以直通云端让你双脚颤抖，它可以断壁残垣像废弃的筒子楼，它又可以让你觉得自己是掉进兔子洞里的爱丽丝，是被龙卷风带到奥兹国的桃乐丝，又或者是思念玫瑰花的小王子。我无法给你描述它是怎样的，哪怕我拿着nga的设计图纸也讲不好，但它就如它的名字一样，它是疯狂的。大叻旧火车站（Da Lat Train Station）,它就是我们想象中老火车站应该有的样子。被誉为越南最美的火车站，又一个典型的法式建筑。如果你有时间，买张票，坐坐这个开往Trai Mat（附近的小镇）的老火车，也许有一些穿越的感觉也未可知。大叻夜市，很热闹，很便宜。小摊子都可以尝尝，很多当地特色的小吃可以吃。地摊拖鞋17，000VND一双，买了一双，质量还不错呢。话说越南拖鞋在中国也是出名的，所以压根没带拖鞋出门，想说在越南直接买。结果在河内和西贡我看的都很贵，一直没买，没想到大叻这么便宜，价格差了十几倍。插话：在春香湖我和小伙伴租的自行车环湖，老板是一个中年男人，收了每人一小时的钱就直接把车给我们了，木有押金，木有押证件，连登记一下都木有。还车时我们把超时的钱给老板了，我很好奇问老板，为什么这么信任我们，他打趣说因为你长得漂亮啊，然后给我们看他女儿的照片，一个眉清目秀的姑娘，和老板一样善良的面孔。我不能以点概面的说越南人如何如何，我只能说我的感觉，温暖刚好，谢谢在异乡来自陌生人的信任。2015.2.21-22芽庄芽庄位于越南中部沿海地区的兴和省，是越南众多滨海城市当中一个较为僻静的海边小城市，拥有越南最好的海滩，绵延数公里。与海上七大奇观的下龙湾相比较，芽庄的恬静内敛得到更多外国游客的关注，所以很多春节去越南旅行的人大年三十都在芽庄过年。婆那加占婆塔（PoNagarChamTowers），婆那加占婆塔建于公元7-12世纪间，是印度教的建筑，供奉的是天依女神（Po Nagar）。占婆塔的建筑风格有些吴哥窟的味道，又叫小吴哥窟，但是规模小的多，雕刻也没有那么的细致。门票21，000VND。开放时间：600-1800。进门要记得脱鞋子哦。保大别墅（BietThuCauDa）门票2000VND，在这里可以观赏到南海的风光，餐厅顾客通常免费。龙山塔（ChuaTinhHoiKhanhHoa），免门票。建筑上的龙形马赛克是由琉璃和陶瓷瓦片装饰而成的。这座塔寺始建于19世纪，至今寺中还住着和尚。在寺后的山上，有一尊全镇都看得见的大坐佛雕像。从这座佛像的位置，你也可以俯瞰整个芽庄。龙塔寺离火车站非常近，只有500M左右。如果你住的酒店楼层高一些，站在楼顶就能看到这座坐佛雕像了。我们住的九楼，十楼餐厅和十一楼泳池都能看到。芽庄四岛：黑岛（Mun Island）、第一岛（Mot Island）、银岛（Tam Island）还有一个岛是水族馆，水族馆是需要自费的。芽庄其实有9个岛屿，至于芽庄四岛游是怎么成为当地旅游者必参与的项目我也很好奇。芽庄四岛游是很成熟的一日游线路，但是成熟也意味着人多，模式固定死板。一天的时间拿来游游泳，看看珊瑚，潜水，晒晒太阳，参加船上的节目表演和跳水运动。水族馆可能是世界上最小的了吧。有意思的是节目了，大副水手和厨房师傅拿上自制乐器就成了乐队，导游首先会带领大家唱不少当地的歌带动气氛，然后邀请船上的各国游客表演，一时之间，各国的歌曲舞蹈都见识了。玩的HIGH的导游还会反串女生进行表演，也是挺拼了。刺激一点就是参加跳水游戏了，三个船围起来形成一个小范围的水池，游戏规则很简单，只要跳到水里，就有免费的红酒喝。导游拿了游泳圈坐在海中央，等着大家纷纷入海，然后分你一杯美酒。安全性还是很高的，你一下水就会有人给你扔过去游泳圈，不会游的也可以带着游泳圈下水。关于吃的部分，因为是春节，又因为芽庄实在太多外国游客，所以餐厅其实真的没有想象中的便宜。都说芽庄龙虾便宜，但是一定要去小摊子上吃，所有的海鲜产品在餐厅和在小摊子价格差几倍，至于味道么，我在芽庄住了两天，真心觉得小摊子更好吃呢。关于玩的部分，推荐给大家一个酒吧—Sailing Club。买票进去，20，000VND一个人，送酒一杯。沙滩上建造的背靠大海的舞台，沙滩就是舞池了，十点开始，劲歌热舞high爆海岸线。美女非常多，各国美女争奇斗艳，穿的都很性感火辣，舞姿尤其热辣。男男女女自发的进入沙滩舞池，跟着台上的歌者舞者一起唱起来跳起来，晚些时候，DJ会把这里变成开放空间里的夜店，干冰、音乐、灯光、美女帅哥一一到位，只剩HIGH了，没别的。（带LP出行的勿入，小心回家跪搓衣板哦~）插话：其实和三亚的“饺子湾”比较，你就是在芽庄的海滩上什么都不做，躺一天，也是相当惬意的一天。外话，三亚有个叫后海的小渔村很不错，挨着蜈支洲岛，早晨当地市场买海鲜，旅馆厨房自己加工一下，便宜新鲜又好吃。后海是中国看日出最美的地方了。可以风筝冲浪。另一边海滩有一些低矮的礁石，沙滩不算宽，水质却相当好，沙也够细。重点是一下午，可能也只有几个当地的渔民在抓傻瓜鱼或几个零散的游客出现在你的视野里。背后的小山是一个废弃的海防基地。这几年那边已经开始开发了，网上也能看到一些介绍，但相较于“饺子湾”还是好很多的。2015.2.23-24美奈美奈（Mui Ne）是位于越南东南部的一个渔村小镇，这里有长约50km的绵长海滩，椰风海浪，水清沙幼，游人不多，是越南南部不可不去的海滩之一。旅游最佳时间是每年的十二月到来年的5月，年平均气温27°C，全年湿热。鱼露，在美奈是重要的经济来源。白沙丘（White sand dune），左手大海，右手沙漠的奇景，就在这里了。几乎算是没有开发的景点，虽然很多人都知道这里，但当地人似乎不把这里当景点呢。你可以沙漠越野，骑鸵鸟，可以划船，可以滑沙，可以喝着椰汁躺在吊床上晒太阳。红沙滩（Red Sand dune），顾名思义就是红色的沙滩了。其实准确说应该是红沙丘吧这里。有一点小沙漠的感觉，滑沙是这里唯一也是最有意思的游戏，当然把自己或同伴埋起来也是不错的，哈哈。仙女溪（Fairy stream），一条溪流，水质清澈，水里的沙子很软，岸边生长有四叶草等植物。在仙女溪游玩是要赤脚淌水逆行，所以穿短裤或短裙以及溯溪鞋或拖鞋是最方便的。属于典型的红沙黏土地带流水地貌。山腰上的小泉水流出来，带着土林地表的红沙黏土流到谷底，慢慢的，溪水被染成了红色，也称：红溪。门票是最惊奇的，5，000VND，折合人名币1块多钱，旁边的厕所呢，收费也是5，000VND，哈哈。美奈渔村，一定要去！绝对是一个摄影的绝佳地方。沙滩上铺满贝壳，水面上飘着一个个圆形小船，小船上插着红色旗帜，夕阳余晖洒下来，整个海面变成金色，波光粼粼，小船变成模糊的形状，随着水波荡漾，这时候你只需静静站在那里，就可以成为谁梦中的风景。“你站在沙滩看风景，看风景的人在岸边看你，夕阳的余晖装饰了你的记忆，你装饰了别人的梦”在美奈住了两天，这里的宾馆都很有特色，外部环境极好，沙滩、泳池、草坪、秋千、台球桌、各种植物花卉，就是度假村的节奏。内部环境却很不咋样，蚊虫多，设施旧，潮湿闷热导致房间内空气质量欠佳。我们换了两家酒店，这是通病。美奈吃的很便宜，小餐厅里6个人点了一桌子，每个人的主食和各种小吃饮品，才折合人民币100块。鲜榨果汁好喝又便宜，可以在卖果汁的店买一点新鲜芦荟，晒过太阳的皮肤敷一敷芦荟，非常不错。一直忘记说Mojito，是一种传统的古巴鸡尾酒。味道清新又带点青涩，并不浓烈。和国内mojito味道不同在于，我在美奈点的Mojito薄荷叶碾得太碎了，浓烈的薄荷味和苏打水的味道盖过了其他所有味道，让小伙伴们直呼太涩了。主料：青柠檬黄柠檬薄荷。辅料：薄荷叶朗姆酒苏打水砂糖冰块。制作简单，小伙伴可以在家轻松操作。 2015.2.25-26胡志明市-河内-南宁返程，胡志明市飞河内，河内汽车到南宁。来的时候是火车，回去选择的是汽车。早上在红河宾馆上车，中途司机会停下来让大家吃午饭，这个时候你多的越南盾就可以买礼品了，比机场便宜，但是做工比较粗糙，饭店人都会简单的中文。除了饭店，在入境换乘的地方也有商店，可以买一些特产，但是全部是中国人开的店了。汽车边检，和火车流程几乎一样。下车，摆渡车拉到越南边检处，过越南境边检，摆渡车拉到中国边检处，过中国边检（这时你可以看到熟悉的中文了），摆渡车拉到换乘的地方，然后你就可以坐车回南宁了。记得手机开关机一次或调一次飞行模式哦。南宁中山路的小吃非常多，一定要去。友情提示：南宁taxi在车站负一楼，超级长队拍着，最好事先定好车来接。来一组越南菜。因为在越南是包车的所以没有写坐车的经历网上有很多坐车的攻略不过都可以找得到啦大叻教堂，夜景越南tiger比国内好喝多了，哈哈100美金换了2100，000越南盾，瞬间土豪的感脚。mojito,青柠檬、柠檬、薄荷叶、朗姆酒、苏打水、糖···要不要自己回家试着做一个呢，哈哈滴漏咖啡，这个可以尝尝。不过喝过的人一般分两种反应，一种超爱，一种很不屑，觉得比速溶还难喝。我觉的还好，平时很少喝咖啡的没什么评判准。越南春节的街头随拍。越南是全球少数几个用农历的国家，和中国一样也要过春节。越南电话卡，建议在国内买好先，买那种包流量的卡。在越南表示真的没看到营业厅，小店里去问了，资费一直说不清楚，很麻烦。越南春节守岁的方式非常奇特且不知所以，必须和大家分享一下。全部的人都在街边一排一排的小板凳面对街道坐好，凳子整齐划一，面前摆着高一点的凳子，放着啤酒饮料，放着小吃，朋友们一起闲散的聊天，和街对面的人一不小心就面面相觑，小店放着不知名的越南歌曲，偶尔一个表演喷火吞刀片的人出现，街上还有骑着摩托车的人目不斜视的通过。就这样所有人静静的等12点到来，然后远处烟花绽放，所有人起立欢呼。这就是守岁了。一开始我以为，一定是有表演吧，在路中间，所以大家这样一排一排的坐好，结果，nothing。也算是一种奇特的体验了吧。越南一种小吃，是炸的鱿鱼，味道还不错哦，建议一试。不仅是芒果连买青枣也要给你发几个辣椒面真实独特的吃法啊在越南看到的麻将大叻大学，骑车去看看这个历史悠久的大学，趁着没有开课的时候，也是挺浪漫的了胡志明的简易地图每个地方都隔的很近完全可以步行的捷星的飞机回忆起来还是那么爽！大叻春香湖捷星机票越南空姐我想知道如何被刷屏的~([]

嗯…宝贝我会让你爽的

李敬琴

历山为于山西省南部，地理坐为东经111°51′10″—112°5′35″，北纬35°16′30″—35°27′20″，总面积100平方公里，极顶舜王坪位于山西沁水、垣曲、翼城、阳城四县交界处，海拔2358米，是华北南部最高峰。历山奇峰壁立、沟谷纵横，中心区域地形复杂、人迹罕至，因此保持了完好的原始面貌，被国务院于1982年确定为国家级自然保护区。历山核心区面积7541.5公顷，这里有华北面积最大、保存最完整的原始森林，各种植物多达1400多种，各种乔木、灌木达560余种，其中有8种属国家二、三类保护植物。此外还有菌种类植物资源如猴头、灵芝、银耳、冬虫夏草等。另有药材资源麝香、菖蒲、黄岑、党参、人参、何首乌、当归、苍术、五味子、连壳、籽黄等220种，年供全国各地百万斤以上。良好的植被为各种野生动物提供了良好的栖息地，这里有野生动物330余种，占山西境内动物种类的80%以上。其中有有金钱豹、黑鹳、金雕等国家一级保护动物9种。二级保护动物29种。历山还有悠久的历史及丰富的人文景观，舜王坪因舜耕于历而得名。《史记》记载：“舜生于蒲阪（今永济市），渔于获泽（今阳城县），耕于历山。”坪顶有总面积4000亩的高山草原，山巅有舜王庙、南天门、斩龙台等胜景。历山的另一高峰皇姑曼则传说是舜王的妻子蛾皇生活过的地方。然而，最吸引我的是历山神秘的72混沟。户外界有“墨脱归来不言路，混沟归来不言沟”之说，可见混沟名气之响。混沟是指以皇姑曼为中心呈扇形分布的72条沟谷，1936年阎锡山的部队为修铁路而伐木进入混沟，结果断送几十人性命，更有甚者说是进去一个团，只出来一个连；2002年中央电视台【早安中国】栏目和太原龙网组织了历山探险活动，全国征集户外志愿者1000多人，最后选拔出10人。在有强大后援、直升机配备的情况下，以一人中途死亡而兵败历山！打开网络，敲出混沟两字，随便一搜就会搜出一堆各种各样的传说、消息...... 一、好事多磨上路难 5年？还是6年？说不清始自几年前，我就开始关注历山，默默的为穿越历山做着前期准备，梦想着有一天能走进历山，走进混沟，然而那时有关历山的信息很少，更别说攻略了，直到06年后，河南驴友多支队伍先后去历山，历山的攻略才多了一些，然而种种原因我的历山行却迟迟没能进行。历山地处偏僻、交通不便，虽说距石家庄直线距离仅仅几百公里，但要去一次仅路上就要花差不多两整天时间，而穿越混沟一般需要3天时间，因此去一次历山至少要5天时间，再加上混沟地势复杂，只有天气晴好时才能进入，时间上还要留有一定余地，考虑到来往路费较高、路程占用时间较长的原因，本着少花钱多走路的原则，我在穿越混沟的基础上又增加了穿越东、西峡和舜王坪的计划，这样一来去一次历山就需要七天以上的时间，只有黄金周大假才有可能成行。考虑到春节不适于穿混沟，唯有天高气爽、雨雾概率小的十、一是去历山的最佳选择了。去年十、一我曾做出了穿越历山的计划。我的计划是由东川开始穿越，首先穿越东峡，再步行或乘车于后文堂，找向导毕俊杰带路上皇姑曼、穿混沟，出后河后再乘车回西哄哄（或后文堂），再穿西峡上舜王坪，最终从下川踏上返程。如果有时间的话，返程还可以去沁河古村落一游。计划是不错（至少自我感觉不错），但最后时刻却因报名人员少于最低4人的出行要求而中止计划。今天十、一，我再次发出了历山行的召集贴。历山穿越示意（根据记忆绘制，可能有误） 10.1很快就要到了。27日晚最后确定人员，有的本来有意参加的驴友因这事那事去不成，还好有5人确定出行，看来今年历山之行黄不了啦。28日6点就去买票，不料30日不论是到晋城的2163还是到济源方向的Ｋ589或Ｋ183票都已出完，想换成太原方向的车也没有合适的车次，无奈，快8点时又跑了一趟火车站，想实在不行只能买1日的票了。意外的是这时2163倒有了30日的票。出了火车票，不料下午老马又打电话说单位30日下午有重要的事，2163可是中午1点多的车，他下午有事企不是去不成了？老马又说此事没最后定，让等一下他的消息。“30日不行1日出发行不？如行我就与其它人勾通一下，改一下车票，推迟一天出发”。推迟一天意味着计划就要压缩行程，但没有办法，因为老马是两个人，他若去不成我们就只剩3个人了，那就少于最少4个人的出行要求。29日上午去改车票，工作人员告知1日的车票已全部售完，无法改（原来火车票字是要占用正常的车票额度的）。电话联系老马商量怎么办，老马开口的第一句话就是“一个坏消息，我肯定去不成了，推迟到1日出发也去不成了，因为夫人身体欠佳”。头痛，真让人头痛，难道又要重蹈去年取消活动的复辙？可票已出，取消出行的话仅退票就要损失好几十元钱的，更重要的是会让铁心走混沟的老于、efun寒心。关健时候幸亏老朋友老席冲破千难万阻顶了上来，这才保证了最低的出行人数，不过老席很不厚道的要敲我的竹杠，“你得请我，我要是不去你们又去不成了”。“啊呸！想的美”。30日是国庆前的最后一天，是我们国庆出行的第一天。中午1点，我和老于、efun、老席会齐于火车站，滚滚人潮中我们终于上路了。此行的4个队员：前排左efun、右为笔者，后排左老于、右为老席列车习惯性的晚点（对此我们已习以为常），走出晋城车站时已是晚上9点35分，车晚了一个多小时。一般人去历山都选择走垣曲或沁水，我却特立独行的选择了走阳城，因为从地图上看，我们穿越的起点东川村虽说属于沁水，但离阳城更近一点。由晋城坐班车到阳城换班车到口河，再由口河包小面或三轮车翻一道小梁就是东川。这样走比从晋城坐班车到沁水然后包车到东川费用要低一些。不过最终这个计划没能完全实现，这是后话。夜色中的晋城火车站找个小旅馆住一晚，第二天一早乘6点10分的班车，7点25分抵达阳城。打听去口河的车，一位工作人员操着很浓重的地方口音对我说：“去口河？坐8点去李圪瘩的车，那车现在还没来，你去问下那边停的那辆黄壳车，问他李圪瘩的车还来不来”。“黄壳车”？我转了一圈儿也没看到什么黄色的车。再问那个工作人员，那人很热情的把我领到了一辆开往横河的车前，“这不就是黄壳的车么”。我这才明白他说的“黄壳”是“横河”，原来当地口音横、黄不分。李圪瘩的车没来，我们只能坐这辆去横河的车，到索泉岭再包车，从地图上看索泉岭到口河大约10多公里。班车驶在阳城的街道上班车司机为我们联系了一辆小面。索泉岭（李圪瘩与横河公路的忿路处）下车，小面已等在路旁，司机开口就要150。好家伙，虽说没走过这段路，但我知道索泉岭到东川不过20来公里，撑破天也到不了30公里，哪值150？讨价还价，一番语言大战，僵持了20多分钟后那个司机同意100元把我们送到东川。我们坐上了车，他又说他没去过东川，要去“问问路”。这一问问又来了，他叫来的一个老乡对我们说“去东川的路断了，三轮车都过不去，更别说汽车了”。小面司机说：“东川是去不了了，这么着吧，减20，80，我把你们送到裴圪台”。在我印象里从口河拐进去没多远就是裴圪台，离东川远着呢，但为了赶时间，我实在不想再争来争去，又认为断路的地方不会是裴圪台村边，应该更靠里，所以同意了司机的条件，但要求他尽量往前送一送，送到车确实不能再走为止。车上路了，一路上上下下，大约10多公里时过了一个明显的岔路，是水泥的岔路，心中怀疑那就是去裴圪台的路，但又觉的司机是当地人，即使没去过东川也不可能不知道去裴圪台的路吧，怀疑就没有说出来。再行不远是一个不小的村子，名柴圪瘩。听到柴圪瘩三个字，我意识到路肯定是走错了，下车一问，果然错已过了去裴圪台的路口。小面在柴圪瘩村准备掉头柴圪瘩村的一户民居车掉过头来，向刚才看到的岔路奔去。拐进岔沟不过两公里裴圪台已到，过裴圪台村不过一里水泥路已到尽头，司机说前边的路不能跑了。看看前边的路确实不强，我们只好下车。整包上路，边走边议论：此地距我们下班车的索泉岭不到15公里，这么近的地方作为当地人不可能不知道这条岔路。老席说这点路最多值50元，司机所做的一切（问路、跑错路等）都是在表演节目，我们被小小的涮了一把。唉，人在江湖飘，哪能不挨刀。水泥路的尽头众人在做出发前的准备二、牛刀小试东峡路10点55分，我们沿着一条有无数车辙的三轮车路上路了。按我事先的计划，我们本来要在今天10点前后到达东川，再用大约4小时的时间穿越东峡，然后在天黑前赶到后文堂过夜并联系带我们穿混沟的向导。可现在快11点了，我们才刚离开裴圪台，这儿离东川还有约15里翻山路，按经验，15里山路至少要2小时时间，那今天我们还能按计划在天黑前赶到后文堂吗？现在看，悬。行走在通往东川的大路上一路走在前边的efun 一路上行。这条路上有两个村子：前松甲、后松甲，前松甲人还多点，后松甲却仅剩两户人家，几乎被废弃，至于建于两村之间的松甲小学更是只有一间教室，并早已成了一座空房。过后松甲路拐进另一条沟里，脚下的路开始盘山而饶，路况越来越差，坡也越来越大，不过始终是贯通的，这点从路面上众多的新车辙可以看出来。完全不象“路断了，三轮车都过不去”的样子。被废弃的只有一间教室的松甲小学几被废弃的后松甲拐过几个弯后是一山口，一辆三轮车正从对面开下来，看到眼前的路，看着缓缓下行的三轮车我们才明白这路小面确实是上不来，不过你明说路太差，车没法跑，只能送我们到裴圪台不就完了，干吗非要叫个老乡来演双簧，借它人之嘴说什么路断了呢？efun还是走在前边，老于和老席则在不远的后边边走边聊，好象有说不完的私房话。脚下是大大小小的乱石，我只顾埋头走路，两无暇旁顾。正走着，忽听后边的老席象发现新大陆似的喊着什么。走回去才发现路旁的崖壁下有两座坟茔。这种方式的墓葬还真不多见，若非其中一座坟茔外面垒砌的石墙坍塌，还真不知那是两座坟墓呢对面来了一辆三轮车后边的老席在看什么崖壁间的两座坟茔过山口路拐进另一条沟里，山坡上有古松，有房屋的废墟，左侧的沟中还有大片的梯田，显示过去曾有人在些居住、生活过。我感觉田间的小路能通到我们要去的垭口，然而又怕走错了路。算了，还是走大路吧，虽说饶远但保险。路边的一棵古松，其旁有房屋的废墟接近垭口了，路旁的石是红的，脚下的土也是红的，efun捡到了一块煤渣，他怀疑红土下边有煤矿，老席则认为那煤是过往的车辆上掉下来的。应该是老席说的对吧。路的下边就是那片的梯田（后悔没有走小路，呵呵），已被废弃的梯田，梯田间也有废弃的石屋，看规模象是个住家。在这儿生活，水怎么解决？打井？走在红色的大道上下边的梯田、房屋废墟 12点半，我们登上了垭口，这儿是阳城和沁水的界山，垭口处立有界碑，我们在此稍事休息，烟鬼老于坐在界碑上抽开了烟。这个老于，一屁股坐了两个县。下边的路是一路下行，路比想象的还好走，看样子用不了多长时间就能下到沟底，我们计划到了有水的地方吃午餐。过垭口不远有一平地，中间有一坟茔，坟前还戳着两个石塔，正在路旁休息的一老乡说那是当代一位县太爷的坟，这地方风水好啊。两县间的界碑一屁股坐了两个县的老于一位当代县太爷的坟茔 20分钟后我们已看到了沟底东川通东峡的公路，此时路的一边已有了水源，但大家都说进了东峡，找个山青水秀的地方再吃饭。弃大路走沟底，再行数分钟已上通东峡的水泥公路上。这么好的公路，莫非东峡已被开发？后边过来的一放牛的大嫂的话让我们放了心，“没有开发，只是修了一条路”。唉，不管多好的地方，开发就意味着被破坏，只要一开发就变味，这已成了规律，所以驴友最不喜欢的就是“被开发”。东峡路边的古塔路边的保护区责任牌，这样的牌子我们后来见过好几个走在“景区”公路上公路走到头，两侧的山陡然收窄，东峡由此而始。东峡，北起沁水县下川乡东川村南，南至阳城县东哄哄村。全长10公里，其中核心地段长6.5公里，宽10至46米，是历山十四大景区之一。东峡谷深峡窄，两壁如削如切，谷中巨石累累、植被茂密，沟底溪水清澈、潭瀑相连，据说谷中有惊心石、黑龙潭、济公石等景观，还有三搂粗、号称全国最大杏树王的古树，更有抗日战争时期邓　小　平同志率部智勇走东峡，摆脱日寇围追堵截的故事。走进东峡东峡口的地貌现在我们脚下是石质河床，溪水从石上流过，将石切出一道深槽，形成潭瀑相连的景观，我们选择此处为我们午餐的地点，此时时间已是1点半了。兴奋让我们忘记了饥饿。各吃各的，谁也不肯替别人减负。人性啊，人性咋就这么差？咋都不肯助人为乐呢？雷锋同志在哪里？我的食品还是馕，只要不是冬季，我都是选择馕为中午的主食，这东西好啊，十天半月的坏不了，若是烙饼，夏季节令两天时间就会馊。我们开始午餐一旁的小瀑从水潭对面拍午餐中的队友([]

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Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangMr YANG Liusong, a Chinese who just finished the first solo traverse over Chang Tang by cycling from west to east in recorded human history, shared his stunning Expedition with all of us through the forum 8264 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-512349-1-1.html . In order to share his legendary journey with those who cannot read Chinese, I translate his story to English here, which has been approved by Mr YANG Liusong. Hope you guys enjoy it.为了让杨同学的传奇能让全世界的驴友分享，俺决定把杨同学的帖子翻译成英文。为了避免麻烦，俺先来个免责声明：1。杨同学不认识俺，也没有授权俺，如果他说不要翻译了那俺就随时终止；2。俺没有商业目的，译版版权归杨同学，俺啥也不要，也不承担法律责任；3。没有杨同学授权，不敢擅自发在国外网站，发在原帖处，荣誉归8264；4。俺英语水平有限，欢迎指正，欢迎转贴。 Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangBy Yang LiusongIt has been three months since I traversed the unpopulated region in the Great Chang Tang. There are many like-minded asking me about it. I now present this thread to briefly tell everybody about my journey.The starting point of this traverse was from the highest peak of the western part of the Tibetan plateau, Jieshan Daban, and the day was April 20, 2010.I was heading eastward passing Bungdag Co, Yanghu Co, Rola Co, and Kangzhagri Mountain, which crossed over the desolate region from west to east. The journey continued northward to enter the unpopulated area of Altun Mountains, through Hoh Xil Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Whale lake, ..., finally met some people by the Aqqikkol Hu and then arrived in Huatugou by vehicle three days later and that day was July 5. It had been 77 days in total. I had been all alone 74 days after leaving Jieshan Daban until arriving inAqqikkol Hu, which was about 1400km and about four months.[The Great Chang Tang] In Tibetan, "Chang Tang"; means northern empty wilderness while narrowly, means unpopulated region in northern part of Tibet. However, it actually indiCATes all of the no man's land in northern. The great Chang Tang includes desolate places in Northern Tibet, Hoh Xil, Alun Mountains, and Kunlun Mountains, which are interconnected to form the unique and super empty wilderness in the world. Only because Hoh Xil is the most known name, most people just think this vast land is equivalent to Hoh Xil. In reality, Hoh Xil is only a small piece of the Great Chang Tang both administratively and geologically. The Great Chang Tang, the last land to chase your freedom and dream.The route that I traversed ForeplayI arrived in Tibet in the early March, a couple of troubles bothered me. The brand new plug got its positive and negative wrongly connected; the rivets of my rucksack eASIly got broken from now and again; and a multi-functional charger got damaged and so on. Riding my bike to Ngari for warming up of this journey, lost my rucksack but later got it back; lost my camera bag and got it back later again, and finally lost a big bicycle pannier in the street of Gyangze town under the eyes of police, including clothes, solar panel and so on.Without much choice, I returned to Lhasa to adjust all the stuff I would need in the wilderness. Then I begged some luck by going to Nyingchi to enjoy the blossoms of peach trees and to take a hot spring bath. I even had the privilege to enjoy time with ten girls in the hot spring. I felt my bad luck had all gone and then returned to Lhasa again to prepare going to Ngari. I did not expect that I was cheated on by some hustler and lost some money and delayed my schedule for a week. I had to find a car myself quickly to Nagri. However, I lost the tool for fast-parting my rear wheel on my way to Nagri, where was a remote area in Tibet and nowhere to buy the tool. Even if there was one in Lhasa it would take at least ten days for a special delivery service. I was lucky that my mate Duola asked a driver to bring the tool for me from Lhasa. I thought there should be no more nightmare like this but the nozzle of my brand new multi-fuel stove was broken. The next day I tried everywhere to weld them back together. The first three shops could not do the welding for copper. The fourth one said they could do it but could not guarantee a sUCCess. The engineer said it would be ten Chinese yuans if it was a success. I agreed. Just in seconds, my nozzle became crap in a flash of lightening. I was so upset. Again, Duola helped me by bringing her own MSR oil stove and Dingding's sleeping bag to Nagri. That was already April 16 and I did not have much time to waste. The following day I found a vehicle heading to Jieshan Daban.The sand storm over Yarlung Zangbo RiverA lonely peach tree blossoming in Yarlung Zangbo Grand CanyonNatural hot spring in wild, me singing and drinking (photo by a friend of mine) Day 1(April 20), 16km, Camping 5192mIt was a truck with a full load of iron wastes, arriving in Jieshan Daban at 6'o clock in the morning. It was still night and extremely cold and dark. Driver was not bothered to pop his head out of the driving cab. I climbed up on the top of the iron wastes, taking my bicycle down. In a hurry, I punched my old water bag. Fortunately I had another MSR water bag given by a friend of mine otherwise I would definitely fail without even starting my journey. For the first time for me to set up the brand new tent in strong, cold winds. It would be impossible to do so if the tent was not a whole piece. Extremely cold outside, about -15C, might be lower than that, I put my head into the sleeping bag but was nearly suffocated to death, honestly. The smell of Dingding's sleeping bag was, lol, so extraordinary. I woke up around 11 o'clock. There were still strong winds outside so that I had to use my bodyweight to keep the tent in place. At the time when I just started to cook and eat, four patrolling soldiers approached me. To their surprise someone, in this season, camped in Jieshan Daban. I was so nervous and afraid they were the people to block my journey because I was caught and deported from the desolate land last year. Luckily the four soldiers did not know my destination and were very kind to me. After they left, I immediately packed my stuff and pushed my bike into the depths of the unpopulated area just in case anything unexpected happened.The bike was very heavy due to the provisions and hard to control. There was even a quite small hill that I had to remove my bike panniers to get over it. This really struck me because this happened even the path was still the hardship one at the moment and I could not imagine what I would do once I entered the uncertain, endless wilderness. Until now I had not met anyone, even the nomadic pastoralists. I remembered there were quite a few of them roaming at the edge of the northern Tibetan plateau last year. All of these indicated it was not the good pasture season in such low temperature and strong winds. Around 16km there was a sheep cote, where I passed it last year, east of Lungmu Co. I was exhausted at this point so that I decided to camp in here and to rest my head. After arranging tent everything I went out to look for the wetland discovered by Duola and Liumeng last year. I was determined to find it.There were many hot springs in the wetland which were underground water with a constant temperature. The wetland therefore became an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such harsh weather, which was the very unique land feature of terrain in this over 5200m highland.Perpetual snow in the valley blown to corn shape by strong windsThis wetland was discovered by Duola and Liumeng. The workers at a nearby mine did not know it and I too missed it last yearUnderground water with a constant temperature, an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such icy weather 感谢大伙儿支持和加分，不一一回复了。特别感谢多啦，希望能有机会一起喝酒吃肉。 Day 2 (April 21), 0km, Camping5192mBlustering gale all night, up and down like ocean waves. The next day rather than continuing to travel, I stayed inside the sheep cote, hesitating and pondering over. Indeed, there were so many problems before this journey;I did not have sufficient physical preparation;the load had already reached its limitation; I still coughed a lot;the weather was so extreme and cold. All in all, I did not think this journey was well prepared and I did not have confidence in completing this journey mentally and physically. To do, or not to do, it was the question. Similarly I did not have confidence in my facilities, not knowing whether all of them would work functionally or not. The fact was one of the rivets got broken again and the front rack came loose. In the afternoon, I replaced all the rivets of the panniers with screws I had prepared before. This was an excellent job I had done which gave me no further troubles throughout my whole journey. I also re-adjusted the front rack. However I did not think it would definitely all right because I did not have a tool to do it. When the darkness descended,I made up my mind to continue my journey, which, of course, was not beyond any imagination. Orchid-like weedsSmall springs everywhere, clear and chillyA thin layer of ice covering the fresh spring water The sheep cote, it was the door under the sleeping bag, which was in the same place as last year, everything looked like yesterdayThe wetland at duskLungmu Co at dusk. You could hear the gigantic sound of wind if the picture had a sound Day 3 (April 22), 52.4km, Camping 5145mGot up in the morning, could not put everything into the bags. Without much choice I had to throw away three portions of tsampa, elbow pads, and crampons. Following the road of the lead-zinicmine I found the side path to enter the wilderness, which was on the riverbed and very hard to see. I missed this side path last year so that I had to take a short cut into the wilderness directly then. That was why I had taken extra care to find the side path. The following journey was to get over a big hill, which lay 5275m above sea level and was the highest point of my whole journey. Around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, I passed the side path leading to Orba Co and started a journey which was complete strange to me. I ate a piece of pilot breads, which was frozen like rocks so that I had to use my spade to crush it. At 6 o'clock in the evening, I had pushed plus rode my bicycle for about 32 km. I reckoned I should have been able to double this if I did no carry such heavy load. The wind became stronger and stronger. I opened the parasail kits and tested it. The result was far beyond what I expected. With the aid of the strong wind I was just like flying over the wilderness. After 8 o'clock in the evening, I started to observe the water Source and to get ready to camp. Map showed there were successive springs along the path and assembled to puddles. But I had overestimated the water source here in this land and in this season there were endless wilderness inside the valley, where I could not see a single drop of water. As it became darker and darker, I felt a little bit nervous which resulted in three spokes of the parasail broken and became a useless rubbish. Anyway, it helped me to move forward 20km more which benefited me a lot later on. When time approached 9.30 pm, it was almost completely dark. I had to lie my bike on the ground and went on to try to find water on the north side of the valley. This was a wide and flat sandy land, where I could not see any ditches there and further was complete darkness. I returned to get my GPS to look up the contours and found the south part of the valley was closer to a hill so I took the way. Finally I found a piece of ice in a ditch. I smashed about 20litre of ice. The ice was quite shallow scattered with sheep poo. On my way back, my eyes were hurt by strong winds, which got me a couple of days to recover. It was nearly 23 o'clock after I set up the tent. It also took about 40 mins to melt the ice. I was so tired and my appetite was completely spoiled. I then had a little bit of milk. I had never expected thing would go like this, it was so distressing. Streams along the path, ice everywhereThe river flew into Matou Hu, in whose north part there was a satellite lake, a wonderful ice-skating court It took 40mins to melt the ice in midnight Day 4 (April 23), 31km, Camping 5028mA cloudy day with gusts. From now and again, hails chased me from behind. Sunny spell. Heavy sandy land made me have to push my bike. At 3pm, I arrived at Luxing Hu, where there was a house made of clay. This was the last permanent building of my journey. Last year, Duola and Liumeng once lived in this house for three days without meeting anybody. It seemed it was the same but the truck parking in front of the house made me worry about. I went to the sheep cote first to check over, where there were only a few lambs following me everywhere I went later on. This made me feel warm in my heart. I observed farther places using my binoculars but could not see any people or sheeps. After making sure there were no people around I opened the locked door using a screwdriver. The living room was very clean. There were two boxes of beverages on the ground and a string of cured lamb legs hanging over in the interior room. A pot of water was on the top of the stove, lukewarm, which indicated the host must be not far away from his home. I filled up my water bag and left the house. I also put the screws back to the door in order not to leave any trace of my visiting. I then took a spanner from the toolbox of the truck, which gave me great help for the rest of the journey.I left the house as quickly as possible. After last year's experience, the nomadic pastoralists were the last people I wanted to meet. A few hundred meters away from the house, the vehicle traces were fading fast. Even downhill, I had to push rather than to ride because of the heavy loose sand. From the route point of view, only after Luxing Hu it was the real unpopulated land. After many days, I thought of the lamb legs from time to time. It was pity that I then had plenty of provisions and the bike was too heavy to carry anything more. Continue to melt the ice under the morning sunshine, all of the sheep poo had been removed carefullyCamping site, the little hill over there was the place where I got the ice last nightThe house by the Luxing Hu, empty, the last permanent building I saw throughout my journeyDay 5 (April 24), 19.8km, Camping 4951mSet off at 10.30 in the morning, the weather was similar to yesterday. Probably this road was the high plain or somewhere the wind passed so that it was so windy. The average wind speed was degree 6 but could reach degree 9 in the blick of an eye. The road was still full of sand and very heavy to walk on it. My eyes became worse under such harsh weather. About three o'clock in the afternoon, I saw something in my right, looked like antenna. I went closer to see what it was and found out it was an iron tower (the triangulation station). In 1970s, a joint team from Chinese three military regiments entered this area doing research. They have left a lot of triangulation stations and benchmarks, which I had the priviledge to see them today.At dusk, I approached to a spring by the Bungdag Co, which flew into the frozon lake. The sand and soil, brought by the strong wind, scattered on the surface of the ice all over the lake. There were so many cracks around the icey surface of the lake. I geussed it must be caused by the springs under the water rather than by melted ice. In the west of the Bungdag Co was the side path leading to Keriya Pass, where a SUV could reach directly. I had looked out any vehicle Tracks but failed. The cloudy sky started to snow. I set up the tent comfortably because I knew that I was safe having such a sweet spring beside me.Triangulation station erected by scientists from the joint research team on Chang Tang of three military regiments in 1971[size=+0]The gap between water and ice in Bungdag Co, I guessed there must be some springs under the lakeThe storm just above the ground, a chaotic darkness[size=+0]Icy Bungdag Co,one of the four biggest lakes in Northern Tibet, wild ducks flying over this vastness and lonenessSnowing at any time, should not happen so frequently like this in this seasonDay 6 (April 25), 4.3km, Camping 5002mWeathering landforms everywhere around this area. Spongy volcanic rocks could be found easily. I pushed my bike turning around a small hill, seeing a big river, the Yinshui He, flowing from Orba Co into Bungdag Co, which I had been to its upstream last year. It was also a passage for animal migration. The downstream of the river was extremely wide and broad. The thickess of the ice layer could reach one meter with the main stem in the middle course of the river, very deep. There were a few springs along the river, sweet and clear.I only went forward a little bit more than 4km but I had walked more than 20km for finding my way. It was not possible to cross the main stem, let alone the north bank of Bungdad Co. What I could only do was to try to find a shallow place to cross. But the southern area was a even larger piece of wetland and forced the road turn towards west. I spent a couple of hours but failed to find a good point to cross the river. In the afternoon, I decided to follow the edge of the wetland. When I reached the hill foot, the wetland finally disappeared. Around this area, there were clearly volcanic feature of terrain and I even found traces of pasturing and cairns made from volcanic rock.Here was the last pasturing trace I found throughout my journey, I guessed it was a summer pasture area. After this, there was no clear sign of human activities in this vast wilderness. I had been looking for my ways until it was dark. I made up my mind where to go TOMOrrow. The terrain here looked like Yardang landforms, as well as volcanic landforms The Yinshui He river from Orba CoSprings scattered all over the river bank, painted green by lovely algaeThe river was very deep. The mixture of green and amber colour showed the sand and mud carried by the melted iceThick layer of ice, sunken surface caused by strong gustsThe south course of the Yinshui He, countless small streams. To the right was the wetlandLooking for ways in the east, a trace of pasturing and the cairn made from spongy volcanic rocksMy camp, opposite to the hillDay 7 (April 26), 11km, Camping 5009mI moved forward to the direction I found yesterday, turning around the wetland and walking toward east. At 2pm, I was blocked by the zigzag Yinshui He again and I had no choice but to cross it. The river was about 700m wide, covered by ice which appeared very different. The hanging ice, the folding ice, the piling-up ice, the icy puddle, and the sleet were everywhere along the river bank. Having noticed all of these, I reckoned the river would be receding at dusk, which was why there were so many different shapes and forms of ice. I put my slipper on, going into the main stream of the river. I found there were at least three different courses of the river, the thickness of the surface ice varied and the river water reached above my knees. I sighed there would be no way back once I crossed this river. There are many ways in one's life too, you can only take it once and you will no long have the courage to repeat it.I pushed the bike crossing the river. Some of the ice was a bit soft, jamming the tyres so that I had to use my feet to break them first. Some of the ice was a bit thick but with half-melted underneath, sticking the the bike completely, some of the ice was half-water half-ice with a sandy riverbed, which was really hard to pass. I had to remove all of the panniers at the last stage of the crossing. I spent the whole four hours to cross the river, my legs got many bloody cuts. At 6pm, the surface ice was almost disappeared completely, the river level rapidly rising to a chaotic status. I thought if I hesitated a little bit at that time, I could not have the courage to cross this river under such circumstances. The river bank was unimaginably sandy and was quite steep. I had to unloaded the panniers again to reach the top of the bank. By the time of sunset, the weather became exceptionally good. The sunlight from the descending sun, the blue sky, the faint moon, .... I liked such a colorful and peaceful Chang Tang and very much enjoyed my camp and myself bathed in such beautiful colour.The ice like this was very thin and suspended, far away from the main stemHard surface with half-melted underneath, the soft sand at the botton was most scaryThe ice like this could easily jam the wheels, hard to get it outI had to unload the panniersChaotic water and terrible hails turned up in no timeThe Chang Tang at the moment liked it used to be,a mixture of cold and warm tones under the golden setting sun Day 8 (April 27), 14.6km, Camping 5112mLast night, I forgot to bring in the odometer, which was out of order due to the coldness in midnight. Since then I used GPS to check the mileage. The digital thermometer was no longer working. I had to use mercury thermometer to collect data. Night temperatures were basically between –15℃—–20℃ while the temperature inside my tent was about –10℃. The advantage of the integrated tent was that it limited the ventilation so to keep warm inside. However, it got clearly disadvantage of heavy condensation and dew. Every morning, there was plenty of frost inside the tent so that I had to put my hood on First Before fully getting dressed. The winds in Chang Tang finally became consistent with the pattern I had researched the other day no or very tiny wind in the morning, strong wind started after 2pm, and then at around 8pm its strength was reduced again. The accuracy of this prediction was about 80%.The road was very bad today. I walked whole afternoon in an ancient riverbed and it was so difficult that I had to use all of my strengths to move a small step forward and then to stop to breath, slower than a snail. After five hours' struggling, my eyes got wet when I saw the grassy river bank. Finally! The nightmare was over.Cold and clear morningHeavy morning condensation in the interior, a lot of frost to clearSuch dawning sunlight indicated a cloudy day ahead Day 9 (April 28), 18km, 5072mIn the morning I entered a range of sandy roads which were so terrible. The solar panel specially designed for GPS got short circuited. After checking it was found to be the diode got damaged. Luckily I got a replacement. Because the GPS was exclusively supplied by a solar panel so that it was no longer a problem for the power supplement of GPS. In a period of 70 days, I did replace the battery once, which saved me a lot of alkaline batteries. I did have another solar panel of 5.4 W which was used specifically for 7.5V Camera, DV and other digital facilities. Unlike water, I had never been short of power.At 7pm in the evening, I arrived at Pur Co. The surface of this lake was very odd the ice by the river bank rose and the river bank was broken, I reckoned that was due to the strong winds. The ice there was mingled with something yellow, could be the stain of alkali. There were many wild yaks on the other side of the lake. There could be two brown bears but I could not be for certain. On the east side of the lake, there was a peninsula leading to the centre of the lake. I camped just opposite to the peninsula. At night , I smashed the ice to get drinking water, which tasted alkali. For the first time I cooked the cereals, which was brought completely by accident. This was just because I found there was a little bit of extra space when I was in Nagri packing the stuff for this journey so that I bought two packs of cereals. It tasted disgusting, probably there was too much alkali in the water. I threw away half of it. Later I realised that probably I subconsciously felt that the provisions was so heavy. I would rather make it lighter at any cost.Dry all my stuff in the morning sun, a routine matterA faint dusk in Pur CoThe river bank pushed up by ice and opened like zipper by gustsThe pushed up surface of the iceThe place where I got my drinking water, a thin layer of ice behind the ablation corns The moment just before sun set, glittering Pur Co, nothing was the same差点儿没找到俺自己的帖子，原来变色了。多谢各位鼓励。 Day 10 (April 29), 16km, Camping 5141mIn the morning, I walked around the north bank of the Pur Co， where it were continuous ups and downs sprinkled with light yellow sprouts across the sparse grassland. The wild yaks clustered into small groups. All of a sudden, there was a group of five of them running towards me, blowing a huge cloud of dust with the power of thunderbolts,I believed that anyone who did not know the characters of the wild yaks must be frightened to death under such circumstances. The fact was the wild yaks in groups never injured people. Rushing to you just to show you its territory. When they approached people at certain distance, they would turn sharply and run away, and then stopped somewhere high to stare at you. You can not imagine that the wild yaks were very cautious animals compared with its almost one ton of weight. Their first reaction, when meeting people, was to raise their tails, the front hooves rubbing against the ground, the horns pointing forward, the eyes redden, and the long body hair shaking, all of which showed their determination to fight.This was the warning sign that you should retreat. However, you should realise that this was only a gesture that they were afraid of you and wanted to scare you away. The thing was that if you were not afraid of them and moved forward, they would run away in no time. There were only some mad yaks attacking people, which was really rare to happen. In Chang Tang, an experienced driver know that it is very dangerous to pass directly from two or three lonely wild yaks. They always tried to avoid confronting them directly. If this was not possible, they would lit a cigarette, smoking, to wait until the yaks walked away themselves. This was because the wild yaks really could attack vehicles, which was not completely rumors. I once asked them why I had not been attacked. They told me that because my bike was so small they would not be bothered to attack it. My own experience was that approaching a wild yak very slowly, do not look into its eyes, and ignored what it was doing. As long as it moved forward a little bit, just stop and give the yaks a little bit of time to think. Because if you forced the yak, it could be themost dangerous animal in the world and nothing could stop them killing. Even a gunshot could not kill it but only left a small hole in its skin. In the past, the nomads living near this land would use yaks' skin as chopping board which was very much endurable. At noon, I lost my balacLAVA, which was brand new and I had never used it once. I could not be bothered to go back tofind it. This resulted in that I had to have my fleece hat day and night in the rest of my journey, which did not provide fully protection from the sun in the plateau. But somehow I was all right, perhaps because my skin is similar to those of yaks, lol. At around half past one, I found a deserted Jeep, upside down. I felt it could be there for years and it could be the vehicle of someillegal HUNTERs. Nowadays, we have wildlife conservation reserves in Chang Tang and the animals here are well protected. However, some people kills the wild yaks to sell them as the domestic yak's meat. In general, it is worth 10,000 Chinese yuans for a single wild yak. Therefore many people take the risk to make money. They often enter the unpopulated areas to hunt and their activities can reach 200 km in diameter. This is why the wild yaks in the deep wilderness are less afraid of people than thoseat the boundaries of the Chang Tang region.There once happened that a wild yak mother revenged its baby's murder in the Altun mountains. Its horns pierced the killer's chest and held his body over its head for more than ten days, which was very touching.Around 3pm, I walked out of the Pur basin. The next point was Hong Shan Daban and then it was the Yueya Hu by the Toze Gangri. At this time I found a vehicle track from south to north. I checked over but could not find the way where they had gone. I took my map, GPS, and compass, climbing up a small hill to estimate the location of Hong Shan Daban. The mountain was very round and it was hard to find the mountain pass. After determining the location of the Daban, I moved straightforward. When I passed a messy grassland, I saw something that I was reluctant to see more than hundreds of wild yaks' head scattered all over, which was definitely the scene of the illegal hunting. After that it was a very long ancient river bed with soft sand slowly rising until the foot of the mountain.There are some spines on the surface of the tongues of wild yaks, which are used by nomads in this area as combs. They use them from their teens to the time when their hair becomes silver.The deserted Jeep, could be left by illegal hunters years agoThe slaughtered wild yaks with the wheel size heads. Some of the skulls were chopped into half. Why was that? Could be taken away for making combs?My camp at the foot of the Daban underthe lingering golden rays of the setting sun. Tomorrow's weather must be wonderful, I reckoned Day 11(April 30)， 20.4km, Camping 5120mThe surface of the road leading to Hong Shan Daban was very hard, most of them were small rocks, sort of gravels, plus a quite long downhill slope, I pushed my bike more than 20km for the first time after Luxing Hu. The mountain pass was quite flat, just like a broad ridge, it was 5256m above the sea level. Upon arriving at the pass, Toze Gangri of 6356m was in my sight clearly, very much round and there was no back bone like normal snow covered mountains. Most of the snow mountains in Chang Tang looked like this probably it was due to the geological movements. There were quite a few chirus or Tibetan antelopes in the valley but I was not interested in this kind of animals anymore after I witnessed a large scale of migration of such animals last year elsewhere.The herbivorous animals here are very quick to reach its original size of the population, such as wild yaks, chirus, Tibetan gazelle, pika, and marmot. When you go into the depths of the Chang Tang, you could hardly be surpised by the sudden appearance of the chirus because they are so common in here. At this time of year, the chirus have already male-female parted. You could see many pregnant female chirus but hardly see any males. According to recent research, Zonag Co is not the only lake for breeding. There are at least four of them in the whole Chang Tang. Zonag Co, Tuzi Hu, Heishi Beihu, and another lake I can not remember. I think there must be more than four of them and most of the populations do not migrant long way like most people used to think. They generally migrant from south to north between Central Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.The chirus looks very timid but are very curious about outside world. They are not really afraid of people, particularly in the depth of the Chang Tang. The nearest distance we can approach is about 30m. They just stare at you calmly and think who you are and why you move so slow. They would run in front of you. Look like they are afraid of you but the fact is they are playing with you. A man's own character shapes his fortune. This is of course suit for animals too. The chirus are the typical one. They have a super speed and a pair of sharp antlers. If they are crazy, three of them work together could easily kill a wolf. But as you might have known, their antlers are just for fighting to mate with females.Down the Daban there was a very steep and straight road, I tried to ride the bicycle but ended up with falling over. The front rack came loose and one of the pannier flew into valley. The foot of the mountain was the Yueya Hu covered by ice, which was alake full of heavy metal elements. Along the lake bank there were many stark rocks very much weathered, lining up just like castles or houses. This made me stop to investigate what they were from time to time, I did understand they were just rocks though but they were so real like the figures of real people. On of them even made me hide in a ditch, observing them again and again using my binoculars. There were also many black volcanic rocks. All in all, the features of this area were really unusual.Passed over the Yueya Hu, it was an endless ancient lake bed. What my GPS showed was this area was a big lake like tentacles. I looked around, it was endless wilderness without a piece of ice and a drop of water. Roughly, I estimated this lake bed was about 1200 square meters. I had to tell you that Chang Tang was a place where there was no high-resolution map. The marks in the map often were some kind of memory. Just like this ancient lake bed under my feet, may be it was full of water a few years ago. Who knows. Pushing the bike in such an endless lake bed was very easy to get lost. My mind was in a chaotic status too.The migration of the animals, photo taken last year The road rising up to the Daban, full of gravels, very hard, ideal for pushing your bikeThe Yueya Hu gazed at by the round and smooth Toze Gangri. At a glimpse, could you tell which was mountain, which was cloud?Ancient lake bed. The white stains were the alkali, look like ice. About wildlife (part 1)Declaration Personal experience for reference onlyDangerous wild animals and their threats to human beings are a ever-LASTING subject for those backpackers travelling in the wild.In Chang Tang, for example, there are two kinds of deadly animals, one is wolves and the other is brawn bears. As substitutes, wild yaks and crows might be dangerous to you in some circumstances that I will come back to this a little bit later on. As for how to protect yourself against these dangerous animals, I think the primary point is you do not try to hurt them because the emotions of human and animals are same instinctively. [Wolves]Throughout my journey, I met wolves a total of seven times, in which I confronted them five times. As you might have known that wolves have become more and more solitary animals, it is very rare they live in a large group nowadays. Please allow me off the point a little bit and talk about the ecological problems in Chang Tang. The problem is now not the decrease of the number of the chirus but the imbalance of the whole food chain, more specifically, the number of the animals on the higher trophic levels of the food chain has not yet reached its ideal level which results in this kind of imbalance. Particularly, the pikas and the marmots who have lost their predators rapidly expanse which results in the desertification of Chang Tang. As early as the middle of last century, wolves were the dominant predators in the vast wilderness. They became a threat not only to other preys but also nomads pasturing in this land. Therefore, the then government called on people to cull back the population of the wolves in Chang Tang, which resulted in the current situation directly. The last official record about wolves attacking humans was around 1970s, which happened in Bamaoqiongzong. A team of secientists was surrounded by a group of wolves and they had to shoot them using guns. Of course, at present in Chang Tang, wolves are absolutely lonely.In this traverse, the first time I encountered a pair of wolves, one of them staying in front of me pretending to attack me while the other staying behind me. This is the standard attacking strategy of wolves. First, you should not be nervous which can be easily detected by the predators. Second, you should not retreat even an inch because this means you are the prey rather than the predator. Do not make any large movement, of course you could take a picture if you feel safe to do so. You must look into its eyes for a few minutes or even half an hour. When the wolves can not work out who you are and consider you are not posing any danger to them, then they will leave. You should remember that wolves in this land do not lack of food and it is much easy for them to catch a pika than a human. Even if being hungry, they would evaluate how easy to get you done, What you need to do is to show them that you are not interested in them and you are not afraid of them at all, let alone to show your ID card to them. As for the wolves family, really, I have not heard for ages. If you really have an encounter with them and they have no other choice, then it definitely depends on your forture. In fact, for so many year, it has been very rare to happen that wolves kill human. But the rumours are still there, in particular, the road connecting Xinjiang and Tibet.The nearest encounter with a wolf throughout my journey, no conflict at all[Brown Bears]Brown bears are real dangerous animals to human. Every year there are some accidents happened in some regions of Xinjiang on the north side of Kunkun Mountains and steppes in Northern Tibet. More than that the bears could attack your house, smash your windows, and eat your sheep. Therefore, in Northern Tibet some local councils give subsidies to the pastorarists for compensating the losses due to the bears because they are not allow to fight back and kill the bears except their lives are in great danger. Once there was a nomad taught me a method to protect yourself from bears. He told me to pick up a stick to feed the bear and the bear thinks the stick is your hand which tastes disgusting. So the bear would leave. It was so funny but the reality is to find a stick in this vast wilderness is just like you win the lottery.Bears are omonivorous animal who are generally not interested in human flesh. You can find that in most of accidents, the bears did not eat any of the human flesh rather they just smashed them for kind of fun that we could not understand. For the reason why bears kill human, one explanation is the conflict between human and wildlife in this extreme ecological environment. The nomads invade the habitats of the bears, which results in these conflicts. On the other hand, it might be because bears have quite high IQ so that they think it is much easy to kill a sheep in the cote rather than to kill a pika in the wild.I have met bears five times in my traverse, in two cases we were very close to each other. I had even walked with one of them for quite a while, just like we had a date for a walk. The fact is it is not that terrible like you might imagine. The same rules for dealing with wolves apply to bears. Never provoke dangerous animals. A bear can run at a speed of 40km/h, do you think you can compete this in a highland 5,000m above sea level?However, there is a situation where it is really dangerous, that is the encounter. It is not easy to control your instinctive reaction to the external dangers. Last year once I turned around a hill, there was a bear just in front of me. The bear of course was frightened by me with its front legs holding up, waving in the air and roaring. At that time I sat on the ground, ignoring it. The bear then left in a few minutes. Chang Tang is a vast land so that this is not that easy to happen. But if it does happen, really only God can bless you.The nearest encounter with a bear throughout my journey. This bear disappeared in a herd of wild yaks, which I had tried hard to spot, really weird About wildlife (part 2)Declaration personal experience for reference only.[Wild Yaks]I have talked about quite a few, like in the post of Day10. I will no longer talk about it.This was the funniest encounter with a solitary wild yak, who did not warn me. If I sat down, it sat down too. If I moved forward, it stopped. Could not imagine what it was thinking about.[Crows]Crows are dangerous only when you fall unconscious in the wilderness. Of course they will be the first to taste your flesh in that case. Unlike their cousinsliving in urban areas, the crows in Chang Tang have a larger body like eagles. When they fly over your head, you could feel like it is a piece of cloud. They are scavengers but like fresh meat too. It once happened that a baby was killed by crows relentlessly, let alone the lambs got killed by them. Once a nomad asked me for fireworks to scare the crows away. (They are sacred birds not to be killed by human)It is easy to defend yourself against crows, that is to keep fighting, never fall in the wilderness.A short break attracted the crows. Of course, they were miscalculating this time, photo taken last year[Strategies Adopted]At the time when I met the four soldiers in Jieshan Daban, they said there were many dangerous animals in the Northern Tibet and asked me if I had brought a shotgun. I think if they knew that I would enter Chang Tang they would definitely check if I really have a shotgun. The so-called defence facilities I brought with me were the fireworks and pepper spray. I had never used them. The fireworks were ruined and thrown away when I crossed a river and I had never opened the pepper spray. I even had never thought about this when camping in the night. The reason was I did not feel the needs. During the day time whenever I met any animals I had never touched the knife I had brought. I did not have anything to defend myself when I walked out to investigate the route. The Chang Tang is really a vast area so as to be very easy to detect anything strange.By the way, you'd better to avoid mating season's animals because even tamed rabbits could be aggressive in mating season.The thing is even if you have a gun, it is not very much helpful when bears attack you. Therefore, your attitude is most important.I can tell you something. Dogs are more dangerous than these wild animals. I had been chased by Tibetan dogs, pounced on by dogs in mating season, also besieged by a group of dogs. I really feel it is more useful to know how to defend a dog.Declaration again The above experience is from Chang Tang only. Of course, the more you prepared, the better. Day 12 (May 1), 23.8km, Camping 5117mToday was May 1 -- the Labour Day, I had been walking in some lake area marked in the map but clearly dried up. The lake basin was flat and hard so that I even pushed my bike more than 20km. Let it be the special treat for my May Day. After midday it became cloudy with growing winds. Since the Yueya Hu that I passed yesterday, there were no big lakes until Yanghu Co (My route would be between Jianshui Hu and Bairab Co), there was even no light alkaline water to drink so I had to pay extra attention not to miss any possible drinking water supply to fill up my water bag. There were a few very small lakes but all were alkaline puddles which was very shallow, whose depth was no more than the length of a half-finger. These puddles were covered with a hard shell of the mixture of salt and ice which smelled stinking and decaying when getting closer, must be toxic water I supposed. On the shore of this type of small lakes it was muddy soil and very hard to get closer.There was no sign of tundra at all.It was almost half past six when I found some snow corns in a ditch, which was the only drinking water supply of the day. There was a thin layer of melted ice on the surface of the ground near the snow corn, which was very hard to collect and was contaminated by the alkali. The snow corn was the yet melted thick snow, which was shaped like a corn by wind. The snow was quite hard and dry,porous like ice. I crushed a few snow corns, putting them into the water bag.They would be my drinking water tonight. These snow corns were the only one in today's wilderness, I reckoned the reason why they were not melted like others was the soil underneath contained large amount of ice blocks which acted as a freezer.Very strong gale in the night, it was hard to bear the sound of the vibration of the tent. Small single tent was good in the sense that it would not be blown away as long as you stayed inside. But you had to be very careful to set up the tent. I once did not pay much attention when doing so, the tent was blown away by winds, and rolling over like a Giant lantern ... I ran after it, got it back, and was exhausted. In general, it is not possible to fix the tent completely using tent pegs because they were not very much effective like large tents. It was snowing around 23 o'clock, the winds were howling from north,then the falling snow flakes landed on my tent quietly, I finally felt at peace and fell asleep. The flat ancient lake basin, assisting me walking more than 20kmSmall lake en route, toxic waterSnow corns, the only drinking water supply today Day 13 (May 2), 0km, Camping 5117mWaking up in the morning and opening the tent, the heavy snow outside must be sent by the God to force me have a break for the May Day. After lying in for a while, getting up and walking on the snowy ground out I went to have a look around. As first sight there were a herd of chirus. They were plainly to be spotted because they looked like a clear black straight line in the while snow. I returned to get my camera and then followed them to take some pictures. But they were very much alert and kept a quite long distance from me. I felt they were a group of pregnant females, instinctively protecting themselves from any potential harm. I was no longer short of water, the snow gave me a precious supply of drinking water. The problem was that they were very petrol consuming. I tool 8.6 litre of petrol and the oil stove was Duola's MSR. The pot was of 1.5 litre, mainly for boiling water. After several days' experiments, I found that the liquid water needed 16mins and 14-15mins to boil in the morning and evening, respectively. For ice, it would take 35-40mins while for snow it took 45-50mins. Melting snow was a very time and petrol consuming process so if I had a choice between snow and light alkaline water, most of time I would go with the latter. Lying inside the tent, listening to musics,I smoked a cigarette while gazing at the more and more chirus around me. Because it was very cold I had been wearing my shoes all the time. Now I just put my bare feet under the warm sun for some fresh air. I found three cuts in my hands and one in my sole. The cuts were about 4cm in length, looked terrible but it was actually all right really. Half of my toes were injured by to much walking, quite painful. I fetched my medicine bag and found I only got four patches of plasters, a serious mistake. One of the cuts in my hand had never been cured until I was out of this desolate land so as to feel like this finger would drop from my hand at any time. The others quickly recovered in a few days then new cuts appeared elsewhere. This process occurred periodically. I felt that it was somewhat related to the cold, dry weather and the lack of vitamins. The snow rapidly disappeared, which is unique phenomenon in Chang Tang. Because of the low air humidity and the high radiation from the sun, the snow was evaporating very fast, much quicker than the melting speed. Owing to this, the ground was generally still dry after the snow disappeared. In most cases, it would be only 2/5 left in the afternoon around 2 to 3 o'clock and small patches of ground could be seen. It would be completely all right for walking the next day. On the third day there could be some snow left in somewhere the sunlight hard to reach. So generally it could give you three days of water supply after a heavy snow like this. One of the pannier was broken, the most expensive one from deuter series, supposed to be waterproof. I will come back to it at some point later. Everything was covered by snow, no way out Lying in the middle of Chang Tang, listening to Tian Zhen's songs, and smoking Baisha cigarettes, what else can you ask for? The pregnant female chirus in migration, probably heading to Heishi Beihu to give birth([]

日本午夜a级毛不卡

吕天茹

[ra]https//dns9.stsky.com/gm/22346/14.wma[/ra]心若倦了，泪也干了，那份情难舍难了，那么就去西藏吧，就去纳木措吧。。。去海边旅游，可以令人心情舒畅，在沙滩上，一边看着迷人的风景，一边依靠着心爱的人那是一种莫大的幸福，不需要思考啵簿驳南硎芗纯?去山区旅游，可以令人心胸开阔，在登顶的那一霎那，俯瞰走过的那些艰辛的路那是一种莫大的成就感和满足感另一方面，一边是山区贫穷的小孩们，他们看到糖果时的那种开心的表情一边是城里的孩子们，为了追求名牌与父母撒娇时候的表情这种对比实在是讽刺，看着他们，我觉得我们应该满足有些孩子吃不饱穿不暖，可是我们为什么还要要求什么名牌那是一种莫大的悲哀，需要思考的东西太多，需要自己细细体会去藏区旅游，也许不应该叫做旅游，而应该是体验生活，体验他们艰苦的生活，体验他们的信念，体验他们的那种坚持在西藏人99%信佛，每个家庭会把自己家最好的东西都献给佛祖，因为佛祖会保佑他们一家平安幸福当你在路上遇见磕等身长头的人，希望你可以把自己的速度放慢，尽自己的能力给他们一些他们需要的比如水，比如食物，比如一些零钱，如果都没有，他们只需要你一个微笑就好了当你在路上遇见骑自行车的驴友，希望你可以把自己的速度放慢，尽可能的大声对他们说加油！！这对他们来说是莫大的鼓励和支持当你在路上遇见向你敬礼的小孩子们，希望你可以把自己的速度放慢，尽自己的能力给他们一些他们需要的比如糖果，比如零食，比如铅笔，比如本子，如果都没有，他们只需要你一个微笑就好了在藏区，你会遇见很多你平时碰不到的人无论是磕等身长头的人还是骑自行车的驴友还是小孩子，你们都拥有一颗感恩的心即使语言不同，微笑可以代表一切那是一种莫大的感动，永远留在心中车子在山间穿梭，时不时地会看到磕长头的人，三步一叩首，只为心中的天堂--拉萨，朝拜布达拉宫以前只在网上看到有人说过，但是当初不理解，为什么他们要这样这次在那里也遇见了很多，通过与他们的闲聊，我明白了那是一种信仰，一种坚持，一种虔诚，不需要任何理由看到他们黝黑的皮肤，额头和鼻子上发亮的茧子甚至是磨破了的血渍，疲惫的身躯，我为他们感到心疼但是他们用坚定的眼神告诉我，他们很满足，他们靠自己的脚一步一步走向心中的天堂，他们心满意足每天重复着三步一叩首，日晒雨淋，他们没有一句怨言，脸上的微笑让我们感动虔诚的朝拜他们有坚定的信仰，支撑着他们一步一步走到西藏，走到布达拉宫门前而我来到西藏，只因自己心中的一个梦，无关信仰，无关爱情我不是为了拉萨而去西藏，而是想要体验那种过程从成都出发，翻越无数雪山，从北线再转到南线历时15天，这段过程让我难忘有些驴友说：身体下地狱，心灵上天堂我也有类似的感受，但是对于住惯了喧嚣的都市之后辗转到这里也不是一件坏事至少可以体会不同的人生，让自己更好地珍惜自己所拥有的因为这对于有些人来说是奢侈的。。。布宫前的公园里总有那些朝拜者的身影，一磕就是一下午静静的看着他们，也许拉萨真的是一个适合发呆的地方因为总会有那么一些事情感动着你这个威严的高高在上的地方曾经牵动着很多人的心我相信这个地方以后会牵动更多人的心他是中国的天堂，也是全世界的天堂只要心中有佛，这里没有国度的限制神圣的地方，许下心愿去年的川西行有了太多的感慨，我和多多默默下定决心，今年一定要走川藏线半年的时间，我们决定了去的时间，路线，司机，基本上和多多的想法没有很大的分歧毕竟我们一同走过了青海，甘南，黔东南，川西，所以很有默契5月份虽然不是走川藏最好的时间，但是鉴于我们的假期比较长，想想还是5月中旬左右比较合适7/8月雨季比较危险，经常会发生泥石流，山体坍塌的事故，为了父母为了家人，我们也要以安全为主路线我们选择了川藏北线转南线，从成都到拉萨基本上9天可以走完司机还是选择了去年的卡特，当初约定好了的，嗬嗬，这一路上有他我们就不会孤单了我们的路线黑色粗体部分 D1：成都(514)—雅安(680)—二郎山(2174)—泸定(1320)—康定(2481)—折多山(4298)--新都桥(3340) 宿新都桥D2：新都桥(3340)—八美(3452)--道孚(2987)—炉霍(3186) 宿炉霍D3：炉霍(3186)—罗锅梁子(3962)—无名山(4000)--甘孜(3387)—玛尼干戈(3383)--新路海(4027)—雀儿山(5050)—德格(3284) 宿德格D4：德格印经院宿德格 D5：德格(3284)--金沙江(3045)—矮拉山(4245)--江达(3518)—雪集拉(4240)—道班(3936)—宋拉爽山(4431)--昌都(3239) 强巴林寺看辩经宿昌都D6：317-à318 昌都(3239)-- 年拉山(3465)—浪拉山(4572)--邦达机场(4395)-- 邦达(4131)—业拉山(4618)—怒江桥((2769)—八宿(3251)—安久拉(4409)—然乌(3867) 宿然乌湖D7：然乌(3867)--米堆冰川—松宗(3042)—波密(2748) 宿波密D8：波密(2748)—通麦(2087)—鲁朗(3333)—色季拉(4700)—八一(3026) 宿八一D9：八一(3026)—工布江达(3416)—松多(4234)—米拉山(5030)—墨竹工卡(3830)—拉萨(3650) 宿拉萨Mark由于德格到金沙江修路，所以实施车辆管制，早上7点之前晚上10点之后车辆可以通行,但是晚上有很多大货车比较危险，所以建议早上早点赶路介绍好了路线就来介绍一下这次同行的成员吧多多--我的同事，我和他去过很多地方，很文静的一个女孩子，看上去只有上高中，哈哈（这是古典病毒给他的评价）古典病毒--一个很搞怪的大男孩，很幽默，喜欢登山和我们来川藏之前的一个星期刚登了四姑娘山的大峰二峰和三峰，勇气和体力都很强哦一路上很照顾我们，感谢他，和他成为朋友很开心，一路上他带给我们很多的快乐，虽然在车上他老是和我逗嘴其实我们和古典病毒之前并不认识，是通过卡特我们才会认识的，所以我们也要感谢卡特卡特--藏族司机，典型的西部牛仔，去年我和多多走川西也是包他的车，车技很好，比较稳，我们都很喜欢他一路上跟我们介绍藏族的历史，风俗，由于他以前在四姑娘山做登山向导，所以也会跟我讲一些关于雪山的事情卡特乍一看上去很酷，但其实内心很感性，他带给我们很多快乐，很多回忆，现在我们成了很好的朋友祝福他，永远快乐幸福，永远保持一颗年轻的心我--卡卡，活泼开朗，比较喜欢笑，没心没肺的笑，比较男孩子气，病毒老说我这辈子找不到男人了，因为我比较凶，哈哈不过我还是很感谢一路上两位男士的照顾，特别是当我有些高反的时候主动帮我背包，提醒我多穿衣服很感动呀我们四个人在这段旅途中发生了很多好玩的事情，在下面我会慢慢道来，不要急哦卡特总说我们的运气好，一路上基本天气都很好最幸运的是看到了中国最美丽的山峰--南迦巴瓦　7座山峰矗立在那儿，我们被震撼了我好想靠近她，离她更近一些但是她给了我美丽的转身她是美丽的神圣的而不可侵犯的我只能将对她的仰慕藏在心里，静静地在远处看着她这样我就已经很满足了还有一个很大的收获就是看到了极美丽的纳木措落日那边的云变化无常，一会淡薄浮云，丝丝相连暮色宜人，令人浮想联翩变幻多姿的风景怎么能错过呢大家开始长枪短炮的在那里侯着，生怕些错过什么虽然很冷，但是看到那么美的风景，什么都值得到现在，看到纳木措的照片，我都怀疑自己的眼睛那一夜，我们都深深的沉醉在那个让我们如痴如醉的美丽的地方那一刻，空气凝结成冰，而我只能叹息只能祈祷希望以后可以与自己的爱人再重回这个地方与他一起看潮起潮落，与他一起体验人生的酸甜苦辣纳木措--我会再来的只是不知道那个时候，你还是否会像现在那样安静会不会被喧闹的人群打扰，会不会被塑料垃圾污染那洁白的，晶莹剔透的浮冰会不会消失 41# 关键精嗬嗬，原来你也在上面混的呀你的意见很好噢，我会虚心接受的不过最近有点忙，来不及更新，不过我会努力的谢谢你啦，朋友前阵子比较忙，所以一直没有更新帖子，从今天开始，争取每天更新哦第一天成都(514)—雅安(680)—二郎山(2174)—泸定(1320)—康定(2481)—折多山(4298)--新都桥(3340) 宿新都桥天气：多云转阴由于去年走川西的时候已经走过这一段路，所以途中基本没有停下来，我们希望可以多点时间在更精彩的地方云层很厚，太阳时不时地露点小脸5月份樱桃已经熟了，卡特在雅安买了一大箩筐樱桃，很好吃，和我们平时吃得不一样，特别嫩，个头也很小大家可以尝试一下哦，在高原，适当的补充维C还是很有必要的，不过我们后来都没有吃完，因为实在太多了有点糊了，大家凑合着看吧，哈哈从雅安到折多山的路上，天气一直灰蒙蒙的，云层很厚，感觉像是要下雨在折多山上，风很大，经幡在狂风中呼啸唯有我们的心依然那样坚定当我们在折多山的垭口时，一缕阳光照在山头，我扑捉到了那一刻是那么得令人兴奋和愉快呀，但随着而来的是轻微的头痛一下子上海拔比较高的地方，还是不要太激动了，因为接下来的行程由不得你的身体出现一点点不适哦在折多山的垭口，多多留下了他的虔诚和祝福从成都到新都桥的路况挺好，都是二级柏油路面可惜我们要急着赶路，所以这次没有在新都桥留下什么，但是去年新都桥的深秋让我们不能忘怀这也是在整条川藏线上比较轻松的一天，驴友们可以尽情享受，因为接下来就没那么悠闲了从新都桥到八美，现在依旧执行限时管制，早晨必须9点之前通过，要不然只有等待的份儿了八美到道孚的路况很不好，一路上都是石子路，尘土飞扬的，我们的车还爆了胎，油箱也破了不过这也是一段很好玩的经历，在川藏路上没有修车补胎的经历就不算走过川藏啦卡特和病毒在充气找到了问，卡特自己来补胎修好了车，大伙都很高兴去道孚的路上很安静，没有城市的喧嚣，没有忙碌的人群有的只是阳光，一直陪伴着我们还有那些藏民的微笑。。。卡特发现油箱有点漏油，应该是路上的小石子颠破了油箱无奈，只能去沪霍修理车子了车子爆胎，车厢漏油，但是并没有让我们的心情低落多多在车上把烂掉的樱桃都挑出来，很是细心哦瞧~~~~多贤惠的女子呀，哈哈哈哈过了八美，我们就往道孚前进，从这里开始，对于我们就都是陌生的道孚以民居出名，的确，藏式房屋很有特点渐近道孚时，路旁民居的色彩也开始变化――白色的屋顶和外墙，配以棕色的木质结构，其间更点缀了不少红、蓝图案想象一下吧……不远处的巍峨雪山，遥遥注目，蓝天青山的掩映下，藏居色彩斑跃在路旁、河边或村寨出入口，你常常可以见到一堆堆刻着佛像或佛教经文的石头这就是“玛尼堆”――那些凝固着的，被不断累积不断沉淀的祈愿道孚县位于四川省西部，甘孜州东部，资源丰富，气候温和，素有“康北江南”之称是由北路通往西藏的重要门户，是甘孜州旅游环线东部“一个圈”和省旅游西环线的重要组成部分别看这些房子外观色彩基调相似，其实内部却各有洞天。由于道孚地处青藏高原、鲜水河断裂带，日照长、风沙多，昼夜温差大，属“四季无暑，一霜成冬”的典型高原气候，于是聪明的道孚人便巧妙地利用本地建材精心打造居室，使其冬暖夏凉，尤为抗震。在建筑材料上，道孚民居以木材、石材、泥土为主要原料，依山傍水、坐西向东，起到吸热采光，避风沙雨雪侵袭、保温安全舒适的作用。室内装饰也都用红色等“火热”的基调。外形多为四方形，二楼呈L形、凹形或回形，四壁多以片石砌墙或用泥土夯筑而成。它的内层结构是纯木材，架“棒柯”或“棒勒”，间隔为各种用途的房间。房间上装木望板，下铺木地板，顶盖用桦树皮或硬杂木条垫底再铺“阿嘎土”，日晒雨淋绝不漏水。屋架门窗外表的裸露部分，则多以油漆或自制有色土染过，既防腐防蛀，又美观大方。令人叹为观止的是其内部装饰。房间四壁、房门和梁柱上一般都绘满了精致典型的藏式壁画，窗上分别雕刻着龙、凤、仙鹤、麒麟等吉祥图案。每间屋的大门上都镶嵌醒目的两个狮头大铜环，凸显了与之相融的汉文化的特点。置身其间，色彩斑斓中，身边尽是龙飞凤舞，鹤翔麟跃。缤纷中细端详，真是藏民族艺术的天堂!那度母、花鸟、异兽、龙凤、五彩祥云图案精美逼真，栩栩如生，每幅画都有美丽动人的故事，不但让人大饱眼福，更把人带入仙境般的传说中去，其乐无穷。一件件精致的装饰品、各种藏式家具交相生辉，恍惚间仿佛跌入宫殿。而来到藏家最神圣的经堂，满屋的唐卡和七色小彩灯在四周闪烁，正面壁龛里一尊尊佛像旁，形形色色、竞相开放的酥油花，浓香弥漫，令人顿生肃穆之感。(此段摘自网络) 道孚给我的感觉很好，不光是民居漂亮，那里的人也特别好，特别热情虽然在语言上的沟通不是很顺畅，但是可以感觉到他们的热情和好客中午，我们在他们家里吃了饭，和他们聊生活，聊孩子们的学习问调皮的孩子也不断地作出搞怪的动作，让我们感受到了童真的乐趣最大的男孩子11岁了，最小的才3岁喜欢看他们的笑容也许那里的生活并不富裕，但是他们内心的质朴和纯真是现在的孩子身上渐渐的消失的 55# 寧あ瀞希望可以给你提供更多的资讯，帮助到你([]

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